Nanosystems for Heavy Metal detection and Remediation in wastewater: A review

Abstract

The challenge of heavy metal contamination presents one of the most pressing environmental issues of the 21st century. This issue is aggravated by the persistent presence of toxic heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium in water ecosystems, which in turn poses risks to human health and global biodiversity. One of the promising ways of dealing with this challenge comes with nanosensors that allow for quick detection of these minute contaminants. This review summarizes nanosensor fabrication and detection mechanisms. It focuses on bio-hybrid nanosensor designs, green synthesis with the application of plant extracts and microorganisms, as well as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Moreover, it explores the combination of nanosensors with biological remediation (nanobioremediation) and discusses solutions to the problem of simulating the process of detection and removal of heavy metals in real time. The review is based on publications that tackle important challenges of the field, as well as eco-toxicological issues and perspectives in the area of development of intelligent self-powered and sustainable water quality management systems.