Comparative Evaluation of 2D Digital Intraoral Radiography and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in Assessing Peri-Implant Marginal Bone Loss: A Clinical and Diagnostic Accuracy Study

Abstract

Periodic measurement of MBL allows for the timely recognition and treatment of peri-implantitis. Despite the wide availability of two-dimensional digital intraoral radiography, which also provides a low radiation dose, the impossibility of assessing the buccal and lingual cortical plates is a serious limitation in diagnosing the condition. Cone-beam computed tomography provides a three-dimensional image and gives an opportunity to assess the bone defects in multiple planes. This work evaluates the diagnostic effectiveness, clinical indications, and limitations of the two types of imaging used in the diagnosis of peri-implant bone level. The research is based on data from scientific literature sources available between 2021 and 2026. The results show that CBCT significantly enhances the detection of buccal bone loss and crater lesions in three dimensions in comparison with 2D radiography. However, the presence of artifacts in the titanium structures and radiation exposure limit the use of this technique.