Society of Pathological Biochemistry and Hematology
A Narrative Review of Wearable Technologies for Monitoring Soldier Health and Readiness: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
Background: Modern warfare and operational tempo demand continuous, objective monitoring of soldier health and readiness to optimize performance and prevent casualties. Wearable technologies offer a paradigm shift from episodic, self-reported health assessments to real-time, data-driven surveillance. Aim: This narrative review aims to synthesize the interdisciplinary literature on military wearable technologies, examining their applications, efficacy, and implementation challenges from the integrated perspectives of social work, nursing, emergency medicine, and health management. Methods: A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and IEEE Xplore databases for peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, and systematic reviews published between January 2015 and December 2025. Literature was narratively synthesized to map the socio-technical ecosystem of military wearables across the four disciplines. Results: Wearable applications span heat strain prediction, traumatic brain injury triage, stress biomarker monitoring, and sleep optimization. Significant efficacy was found for physiological monitoring, yet major challenges persist in data overload, interoperability, user adherence, and psychosocial integration. The synthesis reveals a critical gap between data generation and clinically actionable, ethically grounded care. Conclusion: The optimal use of wearables is not merely a technological feat but a complex sociotechnical challenge requiring integrated policies and multidisciplinary care pathways to move from monitoring to meaningful health intervention.
Infectious Disease Prevention and Vaccination Programs in Military Populations: Lessons from Recent Global Outbreaks
Background: Military populations face unique infectious disease risks due to close-quarter living, global deployments, and operational exposure to endemic pathogens. Recent global outbreaks—including COVID-19, mpox, and Ebola—have tested military health systems and revealed critical lessons for prevention and vaccination programs. Aim: This narrative review synthesizes evidence on infectious disease prevention and vaccination programs in military populations, examining lessons learned from recent global outbreaks and their implications for social work, nursing, emergency response, and health management. Methods: A narrative synthesis of peer-reviewed literature, government reports, and organizational case studies from 2015–2026 was conducted, focusing on military vaccination efforts, outbreak responses, and health system adaptations. Results: Key findings highlight the military's dual role as both a vulnerable population requiring protection and a strategic asset for public health response. Successful programs demonstrate the importance of civil-military coordination, specialized vaccine care for adverse events, adaptive vaccination strategies, and integration of social and behavioral sciences. Challenges include vaccine hesitancy, logistical barriers in deployment settings, and trust deficits with local communities. Conclusion: Military infectious disease prevention requires multidisciplinary approaches combining clinical excellence, operational readiness, and community engagement. Lessons from recent outbreaks inform frameworks for future pandemic preparedness across health disciplines.
Artificial Intelligence in Acute Care Environments: A Multidisciplinary Review of Its Impact on Clinical Decision-Making, Workflow Integration, and the Challenges to Widespread Clinical Adoption
Background: Acute care environments—emergency departments (EDs) and intensive care units (ICUs)—demand rapid, precise clinical decisions under extreme time pressure and uncertainty. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers transformative potential across multiple healthcare disciplines by providing real-time data synthesis, advanced pattern recognition, and personalized decision support. Aim: This narrative review synthesizes evidence from 2015–2025 on AI applications across the acute care continuum, examining multidisciplinary implications involving emergency medicine, radiology, laboratory medicine, general practice, nursing, pharmacy, and physical therapy. Methods: A systematic literature search identified 40 peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, and consensus statements for narrative synthesis. Results: AI enhances triage accuracy through machine learning algorithms, improves diagnostic precision in imaging via deep learning, enables early detection of sepsis and deterioration through predictive analytics, optimizes referral decisions in primary care, supports nursing surveillance and patient monitoring, enhances medication safety through clinical decision support systems, and enables personalized rehabilitation planning. Predictive models demonstrate AUC-ROC values of 0.75–0.95 across outcomes, with sepsis mortality reductions of up to 20% and medication accuracy improvements of 30%. However, fewer than 2% of AI models achieve clinical deployment, with barriers including interoperability gaps, poor model generalizability, algorithmic bias, and limited clinician trust. Conclusion: AI holds substantial promise for acute patient management across all healthcare disciplines, but realizing its potential requires standardized validation, explainable models, workflow integration, and comprehensive interprofessional clinician education.
artificial intelligence, acute care, multidisciplinary, emergency medicine, clinical decision support
L-Carnitine in Broiler Chickens: Mechanistic Roles in Energy Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, and Gut Health with Implications for Sustainable Poultry Production
This article reviews the mechanical role of L-carnitine in broilers, focusing on three main axes: energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and gut health. L-carnitine is made in the body from the amino acids lysine and methionine, and is also supplemented from feed. It plays a pivotal role in transporting long-chain fatty acids to the mitochondria for oxidation and ATP production, enhancing energy efficiency, especially in the late growth stages and at high-energy feeding. L-carnitine also exhibits protective effects against oxidative stress caused by heat, transport, or feed stress, as it reduces the production of reactive oxygen species and restores antioxidant balance, maintaining the quality of the meat. In terms of gut health, L-carnitine regulates acetyl-CoA metabolism, coordinates glycolysis pathways and the TCA cycle, and improves nutrient allocation. It has been observed that the embryonic chick has a physiological deficiency of carnitine and needs supplementation from day 7.5 after hatching. However, the effects of carnitine on growth performance and trophic conversion factor vary (positive, negative, or insignificant) depending on age, breed, management conditions, and climate. The article recommends standardized methodological studies to fill in knowledge gaps and enhance the role of carnitine in the sustainability of broiler production.
Knowledge and Attitudes of Dentists Toward Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: A Cross-Sectional Study
Dental radiography is a major diagnostic method in contemporary dentistry; however, it does expose patients to ionizing radiation. Healthcare providers must possess a comprehensive comprehension of the hazards associated with radiation and the necessary precautions to safeguard patients from these hazards. The objective of this investigation is to assess the knowledge and attitudes of dentists with respect to cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), radiation safety principles, and dental radiography, and to compare the findings with those reported in the global literature. A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based investigation was conducted on 300 registered dentists in Najaf Governorate, Iraq. A standardized, self-administered questionnaire was employed to collect data on the following topics: attitude toward CBCT, knowledge of radiological indicators, awareness of radiation risk, familiarity with the ALARA principle, and implementation of protective measures. The results showed that 81.3% of the participants acknowledged that digital imaging uses less radiation than conventional X-rays. The majority of participants (84.3%) were aware that radiation can be hazardous in the field of dentistry. Only 39.3% of respondents were aware of the ALARA principle, and only 43% reported regularly using thyroid shields and lead garments. However, periapical radiographs were recommended as the optimal imaging method, while eighty-three percent of individuals preferred panoramic radiographs for mixed dentition evaluation. CBCT was the favored procedure for three-dimensional imaging. In summary, dentists exhibited an adequate level of general knowledge regarding radiation hazards and the appropriate selection of traditional radiography. Nevertheless, there were challenges in implementing protective measures consistently and comprehending radiation safety concepts, particularly ALARA. Targeted educational initiatives are advised.
Synthetic Organelles: Programmable Bio-Organic Compartments for Next-Generation Biocatalysis and Therapeutics
This paper reviews the development of "artificial organelles" from a simple imitation based on fat to an advanced one, "programmable" intracellular compartments planned for innovative "biomedical" applications. The field made with the development of "liposomes", which served as "foundational models" for cellular membranes and grew into effective drug transport systems like "doxorubicin HCl liposome injection" (Doxil®). An important advancement was the overview of "polymersomes", a block copolymer are the main component of the synthetic vesicles, which proposed higher stability, tunability, and scrupulous penetrability compared to their lipid counterparts. The merging of "materials" science and synthetic "biology" then permitted a crucial shift in concentration from passive delivery of medications to active "synthetic organelles" skilled for performing complex, "multi-enzyme" cascade reactions. Encouraged by "biological" spectacles such as liquid-liquid phase separation, "membrane-free coacervates" appeared as an alternative outline for producing dynamic, organelle-like structures that can selectively confiscate biomolecules. A serious innovation for confirming seamless integration with instinctive cellular processes is intracellular assembly using "bio-orthogonal" chemistry. Methods such as the "azide-alkyne cycloaddition using copper-catalyst" click reaction permit the exact construction of "functional materials" corresponding to hydrogels or nanostructures—in a straight line within the living cell from small, inert "precursors" that bypass delivery barriers. These progressions exposed new frontiers in biomedicine and biotechnology. In beleaguered therapeutics, they enable novel strategies such as troublesome cancer cell mechanics from within, while in "biocatalysis", they pave the way for generating self-contained metabolic factories inside cells to produce "high-value" compounds. This progression marks a move towards engineering customizable micro-factories within "living" systems.
The effect of the acetamiprid pesticide on rats: The role of curcumin to reduce these effects
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether curcumin could protect male Wistar rats against acetamiprid-induced testicular damage, endocrine disruption, and oxidative stress. Methods: For three weeks, male Albino Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups at random (n = 10 per group) and given the following oral treatment once a day: Group II (Curcumin) received 100 mg/kg BW of curcumin dissolved in maize oil; Group III (Acetamiprid) received 156 mg/kg BW of acetamiprid; and Group IV (Curcumin + Acetamiprid) received 100 mg/kg BW of curcumin followed by 156 mg/kg BW of acetamiprid. Biochemical indicators of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme activities, serum reproductive hormones, and epididymal sperm characteristics were all thoroughly assessed at the conclusion of the trial. Results: Acetamiprid exposure induced severe testicular oxidative damage and reproductive dysfunction, marked by elevated TBARS and H2O2 levels, depleted antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GST), and hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruption that lowered testosterone while raising LH and FSH. Co-administration of curcumin significantly mitigated these toxic effects by scavenging free radicals, restoring endogenous antioxidant defenses, and normalizing reproductive hormone levels and sperm quality. Conclusion: Curcumin mitigates acetamiprid-induced testicular toxicity by leveraging its antioxidant capacity to scavenge free radicals, maintain membrane fluidity, and preserve cellular homeostasis.
Electronic Medical Records and Their Role in Developing Health Services: A Narrative Review
Background: The adoption of electronic medical records (EMRs) has been positioned as a cornerstone of health service development, promising improvements in care quality, patient safety, and operational efficiency. However, evidence on their actual impact remains mixed, with implementation challenges and unintended consequences emerging alongside benefits. Aim: This narrative review synthesizes evidence from 2015–2025 on the role of EMRs in developing health services, examining their effects on clinical outcomes, workflow efficiency, data interoperability, and patient engagement. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and grey literature (2015–2025) identified 40 peer-reviewed articles, technical reports, and policy documents for narrative synthesis. Results: Key findings indicate that EMRs improve medication safety, guideline adherence, and care coordination when optimally implemented. However, benefits are contingent on interoperability, usability, and organizational readiness. Challenges include documentation burden, clinician burnout, fragmented data exchange, and implementation costs. Innovations such as artificial intelligence integration and patient portals show promise. Conclusion: EMRs are powerful enablers of health service development, but realizing their potential requires addressing interoperability gaps, reducing documentation burden, and supporting clinicians through implementation.
Diabetes Mellitus Overview, Definition, Causes, Statistics in 2025 and 2026: A Review
Diabetes is a group of chronic illnesses that affect how the body uses glucose, or blood sugar, as its primary energy source. The disease is caused by either inadequate insulin synthesis or ineffective insulin use. The hormone insulin, which is secreted by the pancreas, helps cells absorb glucose. Although the causes vary depending on the type, the basic idea of diabetes is a problem with the body's synthesis or use of insulin. Damage is often associated with persistently elevated blood sugar and its impact on blood vessels and neurons. Extremely high blood sugar and the short-term effects of diabetes. The most recent global statistics for 2025 and 2026 show that diabetes is still one of the chronic illnesses with the fastest rate of rise worldwide. Global figures for 2025 are provided by the Diabetes Atlas 2025 edition and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Diabetes affects 589 million people worldwide who are between the ages of 20 and 79. This is equivalent to one in nine people on the planet. There are about 252 million people with diabetes who have not been diagnosed. Nearly 3.4 million deaths in 2024 were attributed to diabetes, according to the most recent data published in 2025.
Improving the Genetic Traits of Crops to Cope with Environmental Conditions
The world today faces unprecedented challenges in achieving food security for a continuously growing population amid escalating climate change, from rising temperatures to water scarcity, land degradation, and increasing soil salinity. It has become clear that traditional crops are no longer able to withstand these environmental conditions on their own, and here the role of modern science in improving the genetic traits of crops stands out, with the aim of developing new varieties capable of surviving and producing even in the harshest conditions. Gene modification is not just a technological option but has become an inevitable necessity to ensure the continuity of agricultural production and achieve food security in the future.
The association between Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and COVID-19 outbreaks in Iraq: A review
The 2019 novel coronavirus originated in Wuhan, China, and is rapidly making its way across the rest of the world, causing a worldwide epidemic. The first case of COVID-19 was reported for a traveler entering the city of Najaf and has since spread to all the cities in Iraq. The WHO declared the latest COVID-19 outbreak a worldwide pandemic on March 11, 2020. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is also one of the issues facing public health that emerged after the COVID-19 outbreak. It has been spread widely in Iraq. Ticks on human or animal tissue or blood are typically the source of infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) has designated CCHFV as a high-priority virus because of its high death rate and lack of viable medical countermeasures. Despite the differences in transmission dynamics and clinical manifestations, there are overlapping epidemiological factors and potential interactions between these two diseases. These two outbreaks cause a serious health issue in Iraq and a high rate of mortality due to the lack of management and control of their spread; furthermore, the absence of health care in hospitals and the lack of medicines and vaccines. Understanding their association is crucial for effective surveillance, diagnosis, and management strategies to mitigate the burden of both diseases in Iraq. This article discusses the two viruses and their emergence in Iraq.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Investigations of Fuchsin Basic Dye Adsorption onto Graphene Oxide/Polyvinylpyrrolidone/Acrylic Acid Nanocomposite Hydrogel: Equilibrium Modeling, pH Influence, and Ionic Strength Effects
Free-radical polymerization was used to create a nanocomposite hydrogel of graphene oxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and acrylic acid (GO/P(PVP-AAc)) to adsorb Fuchsin Basic (FB) dye from aqueous solutions. FTIR, XRD, and FESEM validated the nanocomposite's structural and morphological properties. Batch adsorption experiments assessed the impact of various parameters, such as contact time, initial dye concentration, solution pH (1-10), ionic strength (NaCl, KCl, and CaCO₃ electrolytes), adsorbent dosage, and temperature (288-308K). The kinetic behaviour of the adsorption process was analyzed by applying both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, and the results demonstrated that the process conformed more closely to the pseudo-second-order model, with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9985. Equilibrium data were fitted to different isotherm models, among which the Freundlich model provided the best fit, thereby suggesting a heterogeneous multilayer adsorption mechanism. Thermodynamic evaluation through the calculation of ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° indicated that the adsorption was both spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Under optimum conditions—neutral pH and a temperature of 288K, the maximum adsorption capacity reached 172.41mg/g. Furthermore, the swelling behaviour, recyclability, and reusability of the hydrogel were assessed and found satisfactory. Overall, the findings of this study point to the GO/P(PVP-AAc) nanocomposite hydrogel as a viable and cost-effective candidate for the treatment of FB-contaminated wastewater.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans Isolated from Dental Caries Patients: A Laboratory Study Using CLSI M100 Breakpoints
Background: The prevalence of dental caries is one of the most common chronic infections, mostly associated with the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus Mutans. There is an increase in the number of resistant strains, which poses a significant clinical problem. Objective: Isolation and identification of Streptococcus mutans from patients suffering from dental caries, analysis of resistance to five different clinically important antibiotics, and interpretation based on CLSI M100 criteria. Methods: Plaque specimens were collected from 80 participants. The isolates were then grown on Mitis Salivarius Agar and identified by conventional biochemical methods. Susceptibility to antimicrobials was determined through the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique on Mueller-Hinton Agar containing 5% human blood (CLSI M100). The five antimicrobial agents tested were as follows: Penicillin, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, and Vancomycin. Results: In 80 bacterial isolates, positive cultures were obtained for 50 samples, where 32 cultures of S. mutans had a frequency of 64%. All isolates were found to be sensitive to Vancomycin (100%) and Penicillin (87.5%). Resistance was observed against Erythromycin (21.9%) and Tetracycline (25%). Conclusion: Vancomycin maintains its effectiveness against S. mutans. Resistance to Erythromycin and Tetracycline needs further surveillance. Standardization of the CLSI method is essential in dental microbiology.
Contemporary Restorative Approaches in Maxillofacial Prosthodontics: Materials, Retention Systems, and Digital Technologies
Background: Particularly after head and neck cancers, maxillofacial prosthodontics is essential to the rehabilitation of patients with facial defects brought on by trauma, congenital abnormalities, or surgical resection. The functional and aesthetic results of facial prosthesis rehabilitation have been greatly enhanced by developments in biomaterials, retention systems, and digital technologies. Objective: The goal of this review is to present a thorough analysis of restorative techniques in maxillofacial prosthodontics, encompassing digital technologies, implant-supported systems, innovative materials, and conventional treatments. Methods: With the use of electronic resources including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, a narrative literature review was carried out. Using predetermined keywords associated with maxillofacial prosthesis, face rehabilitation, prosthetic materials, retention systems, and digital fabrication technologies, peer-reviewed publications published between 2010 and 2024 were filtered. Included were pertinent papers on intraoral and extraoral prosthesis rehabilitation. Results: According to available data, acrylic resins are still used in some intraoral applications, but silicone elastomers continue to be the preferred material for extraoral prosthesis because of their better biomechanical and aesthetic qualities. When compared to adhesive-based methods, implant-retained prostheses exhibit better retention, stability, and patient satisfaction. Additionally, the combination of digital processes, three-dimensional printing, and CAD/CAM technology has improved customization, decreased manufacturing time, and increased prosthesis precision. Conclusion: Digitally driven, patient-specific rehabilitation techniques that prioritize functional restoration, aesthetics, and quality of life have become the norm in modern maxillofacial prosthodontics. The current level of care is represented by the mix of digital technology, dependable retention methods, and improved materials. It is anticipated that future advancements combining tissue engineering and artificial intelligence would significantly alter clinical judgment and prosthetic results.
The role of nanotechnology in biological applications: Review article
Through the use of unique nano-properties for targeted action and increased sensitivity, such as large surface area and quantum effects. By enabling precise manipulation of matter at the molecular level, nanotechnology revolutionizes biology and leads to advances in tissue engineering (biocompatible implants, 3D bioprinting scaffolds), gene editing, drug delivery (targeted cancer therapy, fewer side effects), and diagnostics (ultra-sensitive biosensors for early disease detection, imaging). Since nanotechnology primarily inhibits and destroys germs, it is a powerful tool against antibiotic resistance. By using nanosensors to enable early detection, enhanced imaging to improve diagnosis, and targeted drug delivery (nanocarriers like liposomes) to improve treatment. Currently, molecular imaging uses a variety of nanoparticles, and in recent decades, the use of nanoparticles for cancer detection and monitoring has attracted a lot of attention. By facilitating targeted drug delivery, painless oral insulin administration, more intelligent glucose monitoring, and regenerative medicine, going beyond injections to offer glucose-responsive systems.
Phylogenetic analysis of Streptococcus cristatus isolated from an infected root canal
Objectives: This research aimed to investigate the identification by molecular and morphological techniques of a new local strain of Streptococcus cristatus. This strain was detected in 30 cases of patients with infected root canals. Methods: In this study, a modification of Schaedler Agar Medium was done to encourage the isolation of this strain. Then tests of ability for slime layer production and Antibiotic sensitivity were done. Results: The results showed that only three out of the thirteen cases gave positive results for S. cristatus, estimating a 10% prevalence. PCR and gel electrophoresis were employed to further verify this outcome. S. cristatus's 16S rRNA gene sequence was ascertained and compared with the present information from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) to determine the strain specifically. The accession number PV243282.1 was assigned to the sequence following its submission to GenBank. This strain was registered in GenBank under the name Mosul. Furthermore, the study confirmed that the isolate under study could create a slime layer and the capacity to produce biofilm. Conclusion. The results of this study enhance the knowledge about S. cristatus and its traits in relation to infected root canals, offering insightful information for future studies and Possible approaches to treatment.
new local strain Streptococcus cristatus
The Role of Intelligent Technologies in Advancing Operations Research Models and Statistical Methods: A Review
This article reviews the evolving role of smart technologies in advancing operations research models and statistical methods. The article begins by asserting that operations research and statistics have developed relatively separately despite their natural complementarity, as statistical methods provide the data and standards needed for operations research models. The article identifies three main categories of smart technologies: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (sub-categories: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning), data infrastructure and big data analytics (including data processing and feature engineering), and automation, simulation, and digital twining. The article reviews the synergies between these technologies and process research modeling through three main areas: model formulation and solution techniques, by integrating machine learning predictions, surrogate modeling, and designing hybrid structures, data-driven calibration and validation: using data to derive model parameters and estimating uncertainty, instantaneous optimization and adaptive decision-making: through rapid re-optimization and multi-stage optimization. The article also discusses the enhancement of statistical methods through intelligent technologies, especially in AI-powered Bayesian and probabilistic modeling, non-parametric methods, and powerful methods in intelligent data environments, causal reasoning, and experimental design with learning-enhanced tools. The article concludes with applications across multiple sectors, including supply chains and logistics, healthcare and epidemiology, energy systems and sustainability, and finance and risk management, emphasizing that the integration of smart technologies with operations research and statistics opens up new avenues for improving decision-making in complex and data-rich environments.
Functional Foods: Types and Health Benefits
This scientific article examines the concept of functional foods as an important area of research focused on providing health benefits beyond basic nutrition, with the aim of promoting healthy lifestyles and preventing disease. The article reviews the conceptual framework of functional foods and their historical development, as they have been receiving increasing attention since the 1990s, with the emergence of scientific evidence to support the health claims of their ingredients. The article categorizes functional foods into four main types: fortified foods (with added nutrients), whole foods containing bioactive compounds, therapeutic foods that target specific chronic diseases, and nutritional supplements that differ from traditional foods in their form and concentrated doses. The article discusses the different mechanisms by which these foods improve health, such as their impact on the biological pathways associated with lifestyle diseases. It also reviews health benefits across different populations, including: Cardiovascular health: by modulating risks such as plasma lipids and blood pressure. Metabolic health: By improving blood glucose regulation, insulin sensitivity, and weight control. Digestive Health and Microbiome: By promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria via probiotics and prebiotics. Modulation of immunity and inflammation: By reducing signs of chronic inflammation and boosting immunity. Cognitive function and mental health: through the effect of micronutrients and antioxidants.
Potato Peel Pectin as a Valuable Product: A Review
As an organic waste product that is disposed of in large volumes worldwide, potato peels constitute an abundant and imposing environmental predator. This consequently is strategically significant research, which is a fresh perspective to re-examine them as an alternative and sustainable source to extract pectin. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the use of potato peels as a feedstock for pectin production, which is in agreement with the international trends toward the circular economy and less industrial waste. To this end, the review investigates the chemical and physical strategies available for extracting pectin and converting this environmental liability into a product of enhanced economic value. This section includes the comparison between traditional extraction technologies based on mineral acids and novel technologies such as enzyme-assisted extraction or other extraction methods like ultrasonic extraction, and their effect on the functional properties of the end-product. It also points out the technical difficulties in the structural composition and the degree of esterification of potato pectin, which is unlike conventional sources (citrus) pectin. In light of the scientific evidence they analyzed, the study states that potato skins are a strategic resource with the potential to bridge gaps in the food and pharma additive supply industry. The summary ends with a vision for future research focusing on achieving an optimal economic return while underlining the importance of using industrial processes as efficiently as possible without exceeding the minimal environmental footprint.
Protease-Producing Pseudomonas in Cold-Stored Milk: Mechanisms of Quality Deterioration: A Review
This review article addresses a major problem in the dairy industry, namely the role that protease-producing bacteria, Pseudomonas, play in the deterioration of the quality of cold-stored milk. Although cooling slows the growth of most bacteria, it creates an ideal environment for the proliferation of psychrotrophic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas. These bacteria are widespread in dairy environments and can contaminate milk after pasteurization. The main problem is the ability of Pseudomonas to produce heat-resistant protease (proteolytic) and lipase (lipid-lyzing) enzymes, which remain active even after pasteurization. These enzymes target and break down essential milk proteins (such as casein), resulting in: Changes in texture: gelation, increased viscosity and undesirable texture, changes in flavor: release of bitter peptides due to casein degradation, free fatty acids that cause rancid or soapy flavors due to lipolysis, synergistic effects: Proteolysis and lipoprotein work together to accelerate the degradation process and produce unwanted flavor compounds at a faster pace. The article reviews in detail the protease systems in Pseudomonas, which include mineral enzymes (e.g. AprX) and serine enzymes, and how their production is regulated at the genetic and environmental level (e.g., temperature, pH, quorum sensing). It also discusses the impact of storage conditions, especially temperature fluctuations and oxygen availability, on bacterial growth and enzymatic activity. In terms of detection and monitoring, the article points out that traditional methods (microbial transplantation) are slow and impractical for routine monitoring. Therefore, biochemical methods (e.g., enzymatic activity assays) and molecular methods (e.g., PCR and metagenomics techniques) are being used for rapid and accurate diagnosis of degrading potential.
Machine Learning Approaches to Rainfall Forecasting in Nigeria: A Comparative Study of RF, SVR, XGBoost, and DNN Models
Rainfall prediction is critical for agricultural planning, water resource management, and disaster preparedness, particularly in regions vulnerable to climate variability. Traditional forecasting techniques often struggle to capture the non‑linear and complex dynamics of meteorological data. This study developed machine learning models to improve rainfall prediction using historical data obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency, which includes climatic variables such as temperature, wind speed, humidity, and prior rainfall. After preprocessing and normalization, the dataset was divided into training (80%) and testing (20%) subsets. Four algorithms, such as Support Vector Regression (SVR), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), and Deep Neural Network (DNN), were implemented and evaluated using regression metrics such as R², Mean Squared Error, and Mean Absolute Error. The results show that RF and XGBoost achieved moderate accuracy, with R² values below 0.87. SVR performed better, reducing error significantly (MAE = 0.6839, MSE = 13.8717, R² = 0.893). The DNN model outperformed all others, achieving very low error (MAE = 0.2334, MSE = 0.1956) and near‑perfect accuracy (R² = 0.9985). These findings demonstrate the superior capacity of deep learning approaches to model complex rainfall patterns compared to traditional ensemble and regression methods, while SVR remains a reliable alternative. The study recommends that stakeholders in meteorology and agriculture adopt advanced machine learning models for improved decision‑making. Future research should incorporate high‑resolution satellite data and ground station records for hybrid modeling and employ techniques such as SHAP and LIME.
Advanced Prediction of Chronic Kidney Failure Using Biostatistical and Machine Learning Models: An Age-Stratified Analytical Study Based on Simulated Iraqi Patient Data
Chronic kidney disease has become one of the major public health issues in Iraq due to the increasing rates of diabetes, high blood pressure, and an ageing population. The aim of this study was to investigate how age influences the creation of predictive models for the various stages of kidney disease. Key attributes were identified, and a synthetic dataset of 1,000 patients from Iraq was generated. To do this, several predictive models were employed, including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). A 10-fold cross-validation was performed on all models to assess their stability and generalizability. The models were assessed, and their performance was measured using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and area under the curve (AUC), as well as on calibration tests, decision curve analysis, interaction tests, and survival analysis. Of all the models evaluated, Random Forest and XGBoost were found to have the best discriminative ability, with AUCs of 0.88 and 0.89, respectively. From the analyses conducted, individuals aged 60 years and older had a significantly higher likelihood of having kidney disease. The most significant predictors were older age, higher serum creatinine levels, and the presence of diabetes and hypertension. The results underscore the clinical value of predictive models for early risk stratification and emphasize the value of predictive technology for information-based management of chronic kidney disease.
A Scholarly Examination of Cauchy–Riemann Integrals
This article examines an in-depth analytical study of Cauchy-Riemann integrals (CR) and their pivotal role in nodal analysis. The beginning of these integrations is presented with basic definitions of these integrals, which are derived from Cauchy"s theory of integrals and the Cauchy–Riemann equations, with an emphasis on their formulation as linear integrals on closed paths. The article discusses the conditions for the existence and uniqueness of these integrations, the extent to which they depend on the geometry of the field and the choice of the integration path, and shows their analytical properties such as linearity, symmetry, and the possibility of derivation under the integration signal. It also offers important applications, including its use as a criterion for verifying the analytic of nodal functions, and solving complex momentum problems (Hamburger, Stiltis, and Verblinski). The article includes various illustrative examples, such as the integration of polynomials and exponential functions, and the distortion of non-trivial paths. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of Cauchy-Riemann integrations as a powerful analytical tool and proposes promising prospects for their generalization to higher-dimensional spaces.
Biochemical Roles of Bile Acids in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: A Review
This article reviews the biochemical role of bile acids in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), one of the most common pregnancy-related liver diseases. ICP is associated with pruritus and elevated blood bile acid concentrations, and increases the risk of fetal mortality and preterm delivery. Bile acids, which are synthesized from cholesterol, play a central role in the pathophysiology of ICP, as changes in their synthesis and metabolism lead to their toxic accumulation in the liver. The article explains the mechanism of action of this accumulation through the activation of cellular and inflammatory signaling pathways, specifically through receptors such as FXR and TGR5, leading to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and liver cell damage. Elevated bile acids also cross the placenta, negatively affecting its function and fetal health. Bile acid levels and ratios can be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and assessment, and understanding these mechanisms opens up possibilities for targeted therapies.
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP)
Endocrine and Hormonal Effects of Medicinal Plant Extracts in Experimental Animal Models: A Review
The endocrine and hormonal effects of medicinal plant extracts in experimental animal models are reviewed in this article. Excluding research on people or cell cultures, the systematic review concentrated on studies that directly or indirectly assessed hormone levels or functioning in animals. Numerous plant extracts have shown significant effects on a number of hormonal axis, including: Hormones (LH, FSH, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone) in a number of animal species were impacted by extracts from the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: By influencing hormones like corticosterone, some extracts have demonstrated the capacity to regulate the reaction to stress. Thyroid-pancreatic axis: Certain extracts have an impact on insulin and glucagon release, thyroid hormones (T3, T4), and glucose management. Certain phytochemical classes are linked to these effects, most notably: Sex and thyroid hormone receptors are impacted by flavonoids, such as quercetin and genistein. Terpenes, polyphenols, and alkaloids all have different roles in regulating endocrine processes. Conclusion: This review highlights the need for more research to fully comprehend the mechanisms, improve the chemical makeup of the extracts, and carry out thorough toxicity studies to better evaluate their therapeutic potential and potential risks. However, it also confirms the promising potential of medicinal plant extracts in modulating the endocrine system.
Applications for Artificial Intelligence in Food and Dairy Science: Advancing Food Quality and Safety: A Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a key tool in food science that significantly raises the safety and quality of food. AI methods like computer vision, machine learning, and artificial neural networks enable effective analysis of complex food data. These technologies are widely used in sensory evaluation, spoilage prediction, and quality assessment of food products. Because AI can detect chemical and microbiological contaminants early on, it is also crucial for human health. AI-powered solutions also enhance food manufacturing procedures and reduce waste. All things considered, applying AI to food science improves consumer protection and encourages more reliable decision-making.
Sustainable Horticulture: Assessing the Efficacy of Organic and Bio-Fertilizers in Supporting Tree Health and Production-Review
Chemical fertilizers and pesticides have greatly enhanced agricultural productivity over the last half-century, but their unselective application has been responsible for environmental pollution, soil degradation, pest resistance, and human health issues. Hence, there has been increasing interest in environment-friendly methods like Integrated Pest Management (IPM), biofertilizers, and organic farming. Biofertilizers—consisting of beneficial microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae—increase nutrient availability due to nitrogen fixation and mineral dissolution, and provide a sustainable source of chemicals. Organic farming and organic amendments enhance soil fertility, microbial diversity, and ecosystem services, and sustain or enhance crop quality. Organic systems, in earlier research, were shown to have yields equal to conventional systems under favorable conditions, but it requires more labor and higher input costs. Recent research has highlighted the application of biofertilizers and microbial inoculants in tree crops, namely citrus, apricot, olive, pomegranate, and apple, and has noted improved growth, yield, fruit quality, nutrient uptake, and disease resistance. A combination of synergistic inputs like amino acids, humic substances, PGPR, mycorrhizal fungi, and organic amendments further increases crop productivity and stress tolerance. Emerging technologies such as nanomaterials, microbial endophytes, and controlled environment agriculture hold further promise for sustainable productivity. Long-term experiments reaffirm that mixed and organic fertilization methods equal or surpass the nutritional and yield capacity of inorganic fertilizers, but these have lower environmental effects. It indicates the potential of organic and biological inputs in sustainable horticultural production, especially for perennial tree crops, and stresses their role in addressing future food demand against altered climatic and demographic scenarios.
Adapting SynSin for Enhanced Video Frame Interpolation via Temporal Feature Fusion and Depth Consistency
Frame interpolation seeks to synthesize temporally consistent in-between frames that enhance video smoothness and visual continuity. We revisit SynSin—originally designed for single-image novel view synthesis—and reformulate it for interpolation by introducing (i) dual-frame input handling, (ii) temporal feature fusion and explicit temporal encoding, (iii) a dedicated interpolation module, (iv) depth-consistency constraints across inputs and the synthesized frame, and (v) a refinement stage to suppress artifacts. Training uses reconstruction-oriented loss while evaluation reports MSE, SSIM, and PSNR. We assess the approach on the indoor 7Scenes benchmark. The modified model yields validation MSE = 0.0011 and SSIM = 0.943, improving over an unmodified baseline (MSE = 0.0033, SSIM = 0.9327), a 66.7 % error reduction, and a +0.0103 absolute SSIM gain. These results indicate that a view-synthesis backbone can be effectively adapted to temporal synthesis, offering a simple, data-efficient route to competitive interpolation quality useful for video editing, animation, and streaming. Beyond performance, our study highlights a practical pathway for repurposing view-synthesis architectures to broader video tasks, encouraging unified designs that share geometry-aware depth reasoning and temporal modeling.
Phylogenetic and antibiotic resistance analysis of Escherichia coli isolates from septicemia patients
Escherichia coli is a major bacterium impacting human health, widely present in the environment and the human body. Its persistence challenges the immune system and facilitates opportunistic infections across all age groups. A critical strategy of E. coli is EMDR, which exacerbates chronic diseases and complicates treatment, contributing to the global crisis of antibiotic-resistant epidemics. This study investigated bacteremia caused by E. coli. A total of 100 blood samples were collected from patients exhibiting clinical symptoms such as fever, chills, and weakness. Samples were cultured anaerobically at 37°C for 24–72 hours, then subcultured on selective media. Identification use Vitek ID system, antibiotic sensitivity testing with the Vitek AST card, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed evolutionary relationships between E. coli isolates and members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Results: showed that 75 isolates (75%) were identified as E. coli, confirming its significant role in bloodstream infections (BSI). The evolutionary tree highlighted close genetic links with resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains. To explore alternative therapies, the antibacterial activity of green tea extracts was assessed using agar well diffusion. The aqueous extract exhibited dose-dependent inhibition zones of 25, 20, 15, and 10 mm at concentrations of 40, 30, 20, and 10 mg/mL, respectively. Ethanol extracts showed stronger activity, with inhibition zones of 35, 30, 25, and 22 mm at the same concentrations.
The main mycotoxins in nuts: (Aflatoxins): The most toxic and widespread, produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, and considered to be highly carcinogenic. Found in high levels in walnuts, pistachios, almonds, and hazelnuts. Ochratoxins: These pose a risk to the kidneys, nervous system, and immune system, and are found in almonds, Brazil nuts, and hazelnuts. Fumonisins: These are relatively rare in nuts, but their chronic toxicity is under study. Patulin: Its presence in nuts is limited, but it is the subject of regulatory discussions. The most important sources and routes of contamination are: Pre-harvest: Climatic conditions (humidity, temperature) and genetic factors in the crop play a major role in fungal infection and toxin production. Post-harvest: Inadequate drying and storage in warm, humid conditions (relative humidity >50%) are critical factors that stimulate fungal growth and toxin production. Processing: Common roasting, baking, and frying processes do not significantly reduce aflatoxin levels or may be ineffective. Several methods are used for detection and analysis: Traditional analytical methods include (HPLC), (LC-MS/MS), and (ELISA). Emerging technologies such as biosensors and hyperspectral imaging supported by artificial intelligence show great potential for rapid, field-based detection. The review emphasizes that mycotoxin contamination of nuts is an ongoing global challenge that requires an integrated “farm-to-table” approach. Successfully controlling this problem depends on combining good agricultural practices, appropriate storage conditions, accurate detection methods, and effective mitigation strategies, all within a strict regulatory framework to ensure the safety of these highly nutritious foods.