Society of Pathological Biochemistry and Hematology
A Scholarly Examination of Cauchy–Riemann Integrals
This article examines an in-depth analytical study of Cauchy-Riemann integrals (CR) and their pivotal role in nodal analysis. The beginning of these integrations is presented with basic definitions of these integrals, which are derived from Cauchy"s theory of integrals and the Cauchy–Riemann equations, with an emphasis on their formulation as linear integrals on closed paths. The article discusses the conditions for the existence and uniqueness of these integrations, the extent to which they depend on the geometry of the field and the choice of the integration path, and shows their analytical properties such as linearity, symmetry, and the possibility of derivation under the integration signal. It also offers important applications, including its use as a criterion for verifying the analytic of nodal functions, and solving complex momentum problems (Hamburger, Stiltis, and Verblinski). The article includes various illustrative examples, such as the integration of polynomials and exponential functions, and the distortion of non-trivial paths. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of Cauchy-Riemann integrations as a powerful analytical tool and proposes promising prospects for their generalization to higher-dimensional spaces.
Biochemical Roles of Bile Acids in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: A Review
This article reviews the biochemical role of bile acids in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), one of the most common pregnancy-related liver diseases. ICP is associated with pruritus and elevated blood bile acid concentrations, and increases the risk of fetal mortality and preterm delivery. Bile acids, which are synthesized from cholesterol, play a central role in the pathophysiology of ICP, as changes in their synthesis and metabolism lead to their toxic accumulation in the liver. The article explains the mechanism of action of this accumulation through the activation of cellular and inflammatory signaling pathways, specifically through receptors such as FXR and TGR5, leading to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and liver cell damage. Elevated bile acids also cross the placenta, negatively affecting its function and fetal health. Bile acid levels and ratios can be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and assessment, and understanding these mechanisms opens up possibilities for targeted therapies.
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP)
Endocrine and Hormonal Effects of Medicinal Plant Extracts in Experimental Animal Models: A Review
The endocrine and hormonal effects of medicinal plant extracts in experimental animal models are reviewed in this article. Excluding research on people or cell cultures, the systematic review concentrated on studies that directly or indirectly assessed hormone levels or functioning in animals. Numerous plant extracts have shown significant effects on a number of hormonal axis, including: Hormones (LH, FSH, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone) in a number of animal species were impacted by extracts from the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: By influencing hormones like corticosterone, some extracts have demonstrated the capacity to regulate the reaction to stress. Thyroid-pancreatic axis: Certain extracts have an impact on insulin and glucagon release, thyroid hormones (T3, T4), and glucose management. Certain phytochemical classes are linked to these effects, most notably: Sex and thyroid hormone receptors are impacted by flavonoids, such as quercetin and genistein. Terpenes, polyphenols, and alkaloids all have different roles in regulating endocrine processes. Conclusion: This review highlights the need for more research to fully comprehend the mechanisms, improve the chemical makeup of the extracts, and carry out thorough toxicity studies to better evaluate their therapeutic potential and potential risks. However, it also confirms the promising potential of medicinal plant extracts in modulating the endocrine system.
Applications for Artificial Intelligence in Food and Dairy Science: Advancing Food Quality and Safety: A Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a key tool in food science that significantly raises the safety and quality of food. AI methods like computer vision, machine learning, and artificial neural networks enable effective analysis of complex food data. These technologies are widely used in sensory evaluation, spoilage prediction, and quality assessment of food products. Because AI can detect chemical and microbiological contaminants early on, it is also crucial for human health. AI-powered solutions also enhance food manufacturing procedures and reduce waste. All things considered, applying AI to food science improves consumer protection and encourages more reliable decision-making.
Sustainable Horticulture: Assessing the Efficacy of Organic and Bio-Fertilizers in Supporting Tree Health and Production-Review
Chemical fertilizers and pesticides have greatly enhanced agricultural productivity over the last half-century, but their unselective application has been responsible for environmental pollution, soil degradation, pest resistance, and human health issues. Hence, there has been increasing interest in environment-friendly methods like Integrated Pest Management (IPM), biofertilizers, and organic farming. Biofertilizers—consisting of beneficial microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae—increase nutrient availability due to nitrogen fixation and mineral dissolution, and provide a sustainable source of chemicals. Organic farming and organic amendments enhance soil fertility, microbial diversity, and ecosystem services, and sustain or enhance crop quality. Organic systems, in earlier research, were shown to have yields equal to conventional systems under favorable conditions, but it requires more labor and higher input costs. Recent research has highlighted the application of biofertilizers and microbial inoculants in tree crops, namely citrus, apricot, olive, pomegranate, and apple, and has noted improved growth, yield, fruit quality, nutrient uptake, and disease resistance. A combination of synergistic inputs like amino acids, humic substances, PGPR, mycorrhizal fungi, and organic amendments further increases crop productivity and stress tolerance. Emerging technologies such as nanomaterials, microbial endophytes, and controlled environment agriculture hold further promise for sustainable productivity. Long-term experiments reaffirm that mixed and organic fertilization methods equal or surpass the nutritional and yield capacity of inorganic fertilizers, but these have lower environmental effects. It indicates the potential of organic and biological inputs in sustainable horticultural production, especially for perennial tree crops, and stresses their role in addressing future food demand against altered climatic and demographic scenarios.
Adapting SynSin for Enhanced Video Frame Interpolation via Temporal Feature Fusion and Depth Consistency
Frame interpolation seeks to synthesize temporally consistent in-between frames that enhance video smoothness and visual continuity. We revisit SynSin—originally designed for single-image novel view synthesis—and reformulate it for interpolation by introducing (i) dual-frame input handling, (ii) temporal feature fusion and explicit temporal encoding, (iii) a dedicated interpolation module, (iv) depth-consistency constraints across inputs and the synthesized frame, and (v) a refinement stage to suppress artifacts. Training uses reconstruction-oriented loss while evaluation reports MSE, SSIM, and PSNR. We assess the approach on the indoor 7Scenes benchmark. The modified model yields validation MSE = 0.0011 and SSIM = 0.943, improving over an unmodified baseline (MSE = 0.0033, SSIM = 0.9327), a 66.7 % error reduction, and a +0.0103 absolute SSIM gain. These results indicate that a view-synthesis backbone can be effectively adapted to temporal synthesis, offering a simple, data-efficient route to competitive interpolation quality useful for video editing, animation, and streaming. Beyond performance, our study highlights a practical pathway for repurposing view-synthesis architectures to broader video tasks, encouraging unified designs that share geometry-aware depth reasoning and temporal modeling.
Phylogenetic and antibiotic resistance analysis of Escherichia coli isolates from septicemia patients
Escherichia coli is a major bacterium impacting human health, widely present in the environment and the human body. Its persistence challenges the immune system and facilitates opportunistic infections across all age groups. A critical strategy of E. coli is EMDR, which exacerbates chronic diseases and complicates treatment, contributing to the global crisis of antibiotic-resistant epidemics. This study investigated bacteremia caused by E. coli. A total of 100 blood samples were collected from patients exhibiting clinical symptoms such as fever, chills, and weakness. Samples were cultured anaerobically at 37°C for 24–72 hours, then subcultured on selective media. Identification use Vitek ID system, antibiotic sensitivity testing with the Vitek AST card, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed evolutionary relationships between E. coli isolates and members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Results: showed that 75 isolates (75%) were identified as E. coli, confirming its significant role in bloodstream infections (BSI). The evolutionary tree highlighted close genetic links with resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains. To explore alternative therapies, the antibacterial activity of green tea extracts was assessed using agar well diffusion. The aqueous extract exhibited dose-dependent inhibition zones of 25, 20, 15, and 10 mm at concentrations of 40, 30, 20, and 10 mg/mL, respectively. Ethanol extracts showed stronger activity, with inhibition zones of 35, 30, 25, and 22 mm at the same concentrations.
The main mycotoxins in nuts: (Aflatoxins): The most toxic and widespread, produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, and considered to be highly carcinogenic. Found in high levels in walnuts, pistachios, almonds, and hazelnuts. Ochratoxins: These pose a risk to the kidneys, nervous system, and immune system, and are found in almonds, Brazil nuts, and hazelnuts. Fumonisins: These are relatively rare in nuts, but their chronic toxicity is under study. Patulin: Its presence in nuts is limited, but it is the subject of regulatory discussions. The most important sources and routes of contamination are: Pre-harvest: Climatic conditions (humidity, temperature) and genetic factors in the crop play a major role in fungal infection and toxin production. Post-harvest: Inadequate drying and storage in warm, humid conditions (relative humidity >50%) are critical factors that stimulate fungal growth and toxin production. Processing: Common roasting, baking, and frying processes do not significantly reduce aflatoxin levels or may be ineffective. Several methods are used for detection and analysis: Traditional analytical methods include (HPLC), (LC-MS/MS), and (ELISA). Emerging technologies such as biosensors and hyperspectral imaging supported by artificial intelligence show great potential for rapid, field-based detection. The review emphasizes that mycotoxin contamination of nuts is an ongoing global challenge that requires an integrated “farm-to-table” approach. Successfully controlling this problem depends on combining good agricultural practices, appropriate storage conditions, accurate detection methods, and effective mitigation strategies, all within a strict regulatory framework to ensure the safety of these highly nutritious foods.
The Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Susceptibility to Parasitic Infections: A Review
Vitamin D is one of the most important vital elements in regulating the immune system in the human body. This vitamin can support the body in confronting pathogenic agents. On the other hand, a deficiency of this vitamin makes the immune response to pathogenic agents low, and the incidence of parasitic diseases increases, especially in areas whose population suffers from malnutrition and poor health services. Vitamin D increases immune activity by regulating the work of immune system cells, lymphocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells, where immune defense mechanisms depend mainly on these cells against pathogens. Many recent studies have indicated that there is a relationship between low vitamin D and infection with some parasites, including the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, which causes toxoplasmosis, and the leishmaniasis parasite, which causes cutaneous leishmaniasis. This review indicates, through its presentation of sources, that vitamin D deficiency affects the immune response and weakens the body’s ability to defend and get rid of parasites, which leads to their development within it. Understanding the relationship between low levels of vitamin D and susceptibility to parasitic infection in a deeper way is an important step in scientific research because it can help devise new methods of prevention and treatment, aiming to strengthen immunity and reduce the spread of parasitic diseases.
Bacterial and Viral Sexually Transmitted Infections
There are two terms often used interchangeably, Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) and Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), but in fact, they are different. STI is infection that can lead to STDs, so every STD is preceded by an STI but not every STI leads to STD severe reproductive complications can result from STDs, including congenital infection, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. In addition, STDs can increase the chance of acquiring and transmitting Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. STIs or STDs typically result from sexual contact, and the causative agents can be bacteria, parasites, or viruses. The most prevalent STDs are viral infections, as they are treatable but not curable. Symptoms vary according to the viral type and range from skin lesions and warts to immune deficiency and cancer. The treatment of infections that are transmitted sexually relies on the infection type. It is important for sexually active members at higher risk to undergo regular screenings. Neglecting the use of condoms represents a significant risk of infection.
Sexually transmitted diseases, sexually transmitted infections, Vaccination, Human immunodeficiency virus.
The Relationship Between Obesity and Pregnancy
Pregnancy outcomes for both the mother and the foetus are greatly impacted by obesity, a growing global health concern. With an emphasis on the physiological, metabolic, and obstetric ramifications, this study examines the intricate relationship between obesity and pregnancy. Preeclampsia, hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, and caesarean delivery are all linked to maternal obesity. Additionally, it can have a detrimental effect on foetal development, resulting in complications like preterm birth, macrosomia, and long-term metabolic disorders in the offspring. The study also emphasises the difficulties in controlling obesity during pregnancy and the significance of weight-loss plans, dietary advice, and preconception counselling. It is essential to comprehend this relationship to enhance prenatal care and lessen unfavourable outcomes for both mother and child.
Obesity, pregnancy, maternal health, fetal outcomes, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia.
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Creating and Analysing Electronic Well-Log Patterns for Identifying Environmental Facies in Abu-Roash ‘G’ Member, West Qaroun field, and Northern Western Desert, Egypt
This study highlights the challenges of exploring oil in the Abu Roash ‘G’ Member, within Egypt’s Abu Gharadig Basin. The reservoir is formed in a near-shore depositional environment and is highly heterogeneous, with rock properties varying dramatically over short distances. Analysing the provided logs is essential in providing correlations, and visualizing those correlations is crucial for understanding the environmental characteristics and spatial changes between the wells. Creating patterns using electronic well-logs helps with identifying facies, and that, in turn, can be used while correlating.
Abu Gharadig Basin, Abu Roash ‘G’, Facies, Environment, Well-Logs Patterns
Modeling Photobleaching and Absorption in Skin Tissue Using Nonlinear Optics: Applications in Laser Techniques and Dosimetry for Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy arises from the interplay of photosensitizer photobleaching, evolving tissue optics, and nonlinear light–tissue interactions. Conventional dosimetry assumes exponential decay and constant optical properties, overlooking depth-dependent bleaching and scattering drift. Here, we present a nonlinear dosimetry framework that integrates first-order bleaching kinetics with Monte Carlo (MC) photon transport, extending the optical penetration depth through a nonlinear expansion. A new metric, the Fluorescence Curvature Index (FCI), classifies regimes as bleaching-dominated (FCI > 0) or surface-confined, multiphoton-dominated (FCI < 0). Using high-resolution MC simulations (10⁶ photons, 0.005 mm steps), bleaching constants ( ), nonlinear coefficients (C, Q), and multiphoton orders ( ), with dose–response sweeps across 10–300 J/cm² ensuring reproducibility. were extracted, including thermal scattering drift terms. Results identified three characteristic regimes: 405 nm and 630 nm with bleaching-dominated clearing, 595 nm with inversion-prone vascular confinement, and multiphoton-driven confinement at high fluence. The consolidated protocol table links penetration depth, bleaching thresholds, and disease targets, providing quantitative guidance for wavelength-specific PDT optimization.
Photodynamic Therapy; Photobleaching Kinetics; Photosensitizer Concentration; Multiphoton Absorption; Nonlinear Scattering; Optical Penetration Depth
Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors: A Comprehensive Review
Breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Despite advances in screening and therapy, its global burden continues to rise, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, highlighting rising incidence in Asia and persistently high mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease’s incidence reflects a complex interplay between genetic, hormonal, environmental, and lifestyle determinants. Established risk factors include age, family history, reproductive behavior, hormonal exposure, obesity, alcohol consumption, and radiation exposure. Strong evidence supports associations between breast cancer risk and high mammographic breast density, hormonal exposures (hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives), early menarche, late menopause, delayed first childbirth, and limited breastfeeding duration. Genetic factors, notably BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, contribute to 5–10% of cases, predominantly in younger women and those with family history. Emerging evidence implicates atrial fibrillation, metabolic syndrome, and microbiome alterations in modulating breast cancer susceptibility. Meanwhile, protective factors such as physical activity, breastfeeding, and healthy dietary patterns have shown potential to mitigate risk. This review synthesizes current epidemiological trends and evidence-based risk factors contributing to breast cancer development, highlighting regional disparities, modifiable exposures, and emerging genetic insights. Understanding these determinants is essential to guide preventive strategies, early detection, and tailored public health interventions.
breast cancer, epidemiology, risk factors, genetics, prevention, global health
Acacia nilotica: A Natural Antimicrobial Agent Compared to Standard Antibiotics
This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of Acacia nilotica extracts against six bacterial strains: P. mirabilis, S. aureus ATCC 6538, E. faecium ATCC 14936, E. faecalis ATCC 29212, E. coli ATCC 8739, and Serratia spp. The extracts were tested in varying concentrations (1/10, 1/100, and 1/1000) and compared to standard antibiotics, including Amoxicillin, Cefotaxime, Amikacin, and Ciprofloxacin. The results revealed that alcohol-based extracts exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to aqueous extracts, with the hot alcohol extract at a (1/10) concentration showing the most significant effects. P. mirabilis and S. aureus were the most susceptible strains, demonstrating inhibition zones up to 30 mm with alcohol extracts. In contrast, Serratia spp. and E. coli were largely resistant across all extract types and concentrations. E. faecium and E. faecalis showed moderate sensitivity, particularly to hot alcohol extract. High-concentration extracts (1/10) consistently produced measurable inhibition zones, while diluted extracts (1/100 and 1/1000) showed reduced or no activity, highlighting the importance of extract concentration for antimicrobial efficacy. Cold alcohol extract showed the highest activity against S. aureus, while hot alcohol extract was most effective against P. mirabilis. When compared with antibiotics, Amoxicillin and Ciprofloxacin demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones reaching up to 48 mm against E. faecium. A. nilotica extracts showed significant antibacterial activity, even against resistant strains, though they were less potent. The results emphasize A. nilotica's promise as a natural antibacterial, with its effectiveness influenced by the extraction method and concentration.
Hayfa Amhimmid Masoud Hayfa Amhimmid Masoud
The effect of organic and chemical fertilization on the growth and yield of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) under protected cultivation conditions: Comprehensive review.
The cultivation of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) in protected greenhouses requires careful nutrient management to maintain rapid plant growth, high fruiting rates, and continuous harvesting. This review compiles evidence on organic and chemical fertilization strategies and their effects on growth, yield, fruit quality, soil health, and sustainability. Chemical fertilizers (especially N–P–K via top dressing) promote early activity, leaf area, and marketable yield through readily available nutrients and controllable doses. However, exclusive reliance on them can exacerbate soil salinity, nutrient imbalance, and environmental pollution, especially under intensive year-round production. Organic amendments (compost, manure, digestate, biochar, and plant extracts) improve cation exchange capacity, water retention, and microbial activity, often leading to improved fruit quality (dry matter, firmness, soluble solids, vitamin C) and reduced physiological disorders. Crop responses to organic fertilizers alone vary, reflecting the quality of amendments, mineralization rates, and temperature-dependent decomposition common in protected systems. In all studies, integrated nutrient management — combining basic organic amendments and soluble mineral fertilization — provides the most reliable results: higher nutrient use efficiency, stable yields, improved storage life, and partial (20–50%) replacement of synthetic nitrogen without affecting yield. Economic analyses generally favor integrated programs when organic inputs are locally available and fertigation is optimized. Future priorities include standardizing organic input characterization, modeling N mineralization under protected microclimates, and long-term trials that jointly track yield, quality, and soil biological indicators to define fertilizer substitution thresholds for resilient cucumber production.
Beneficial Microorganisms in the Human Body: A Review
Microorganisms are tiny living organisms that are widely distributed in nature. Microorganisms are classified into two main categories: beneficial microorganisms and harmful microorganisms. This review focuses on beneficial microorganisms found in the human body that play an important role in health. Microorganisms are mainly found in the small and large intestines and play a vital role in digestion and metabolism. These organisms, which include bacteria and fungi, secrete enzymes that help break down food and absorb nutrients. In addition, these organisms contribute to the production of certain vitamins and regulate immune system function.
Enhance the productivity of field crops through bio- and organic fertilization as a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers: A Comprehensive review
Sustainable agriculture has become a global priority in response to the challenges of climate change, soil degradation, and overreliance on environmentally harmful synthetic chemical fertilizers. Field crop productivity depends heavily on soil fertility and nutrient management, making the search for environmentally friendly alternatives critically important. Biofertilizers and organic fertilization methods have gained considerable attention as viable solutions for promoting crop growth and increasing yields while maintaining ecological balance. Biofertilizers, which include nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium and Azotobacter, phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms, and mycorrhizal fungi, improve nutrient availability and stimulate plant metabolic activities through biological processes. They not only provide essential macro- and micronutrients but also promote root growth, stress tolerance, and overall plant vigor. On the other hand, organic fertilizers derived from compost, animal manure, crop residues, and green manure enrich the soil with organic matter, improve its physical structure, and promote water retention and microbial diversity. When used together, biofertilizers and organic fertilizers create synergistic effects that enhance nutrient cycling, reduce nutrient loss, and support long-term soil fertility. Recent studies have shown that integrated organic biofertilization systems can significantly increase field crop yields, reduce their dependence on chemical inputs, and minimize negative environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions and groundwater pollution. Furthermore, these systems contribute to climate-resilient agriculture by improving soil carbon sequestration and enhancing biodiversity within the soil ecosystem. This review highlights the mechanisms, benefits, and applications of biofertilization and organic fertilization in field crop production, emphasizing their role in sustainable agriculture. Evidence suggests that the adoption of integrated nutrient management strategies combining biofertilizers and organic amendments represents a promising path toward higher productivity, environmental sustainability, and food security in diverse agricultural ecosystems.
The Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Broiler Production and Physiological Traits: A Comprehensive Review
This comprehensive review examines the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on broiler production and physiological traits, highlighting its potential as a natural feed additive in poultry nutrition. Grape seed extract is rich in polyphenols, particularly proanthocyanidins, which possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. These bioactive compounds may enhance growth performance, improve feed efficiency, and promote overall health in broilers. The review synthesizes findings from various studies that investigate the impact of GSE on key performance indicators such as weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and carcass quality. Additionally, it explores the physiological effects of GSE on parameters such as immune response, gut health, and oxidative stress markers. Evidence suggests that GSE supplementation can lead to improved intestinal morphology, enhanced villus height, and increased beneficial gut microbiota, contributing to better nutrient absorption and overall health. Furthermore, the review discusses the optimal dosage of grape seed extract for maximizing its benefits in broiler production, as well as potential mechanisms underlying its effects. The implications of using GSE as a sustainable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters are also considered, given the growing concerns over antibiotic resistance in livestock. In conclusion, grape seed extract shows promise as a functional feed additive that can positively influence broiler production and physiological traits. Future research should focus on long-term effects, optimal inclusion rates, and practical applications in commercial poultry farming to fully realize the benefits of this natural supplement.
Role of Veterinary Medicines in Animal Health: A Review
Veterinary medicines (such as antibiotics, antiparasitics, vaccines, hormones, and vitamins) play a pivotal and indispensable role in maintaining animal health and welfare. Their most important functions include: Prevention, such as vaccines that protect against serious infectious diseases and antiparasitics that prevent infection by worms and external parasites. Treatment, such as antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungal drugs to combat diseases, as well as analgesics and anti-inflammatories to relieve pain and suffering. Control, such as drugs that help manage chronic diseases or control the spread of diseases among herds. Enhancing growth and productivity, such as certain drugs that improve feed conversion efficiency.
Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy: A review
The most prevalent nutritional condition affecting pregnant women globally is iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Reduced hemoglobin production and poor oxygen delivery to maternal and foetal tissues result from iron stores that are not enough to meet the increased physiological demands of pregnancy. Preterm delivery, low birth weight, maternal exhaustion, and postpartum depression are all linked to IDA during pregnancy. Improving maternal and neonatal outcomes requires early diagnosis through routine screening and prompt intervention with iron supplementation. The causes, clinical signs, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy are examined in this review.
Lipid profile metabolism, pathophysiology, clinical correlations, and therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
Lipid abnormalities, encompassing dysregulations in cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein fractions, have emerged as pivotal modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and other systemic conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease. This review synthesizes current evidence on the molecular biology of lipid metabolism, including cholesterol biosynthesis and homeostasis, triglyceride synthesis and clearance, and the structure and function of lipoproteins—high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), with special emphasis on the atherogenic small dense LDL subfraction. Epidemiological, genetic, and clinical studies linking lipid profiles to disease pathology are critically examined, highlighting the causal and prognostic significance of lipid fractions beyond traditional metrics. The review also discusses advanced lipid markers, their utility in risk stratification, and the emerging concept of HDL dysfunction. Furthermore, correlations between lipid profiles and T2DM, NAFLD, cancer, inflammation, and other diseases are explored. Contemporary lifestyle and pharmacological interventions—ranging from statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 inhibitors to novel triglyceride-targeted therapies—are reviewed with respect to efficacy, safety, and guideline recommendations. Advances in precision medicine, including genetic testing and personalized lipid management, are also addressed. The evolving landscape of lipidology underscores the need for comprehensive, multifactorial approaches to lipid abnormalities to optimize patient outcomes and reduce residual cardiovascular and metabolic risk.
Vitamin C in Human Health: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Pathophysiology
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a water-soluble micronutrient essential for various physiological processes in humans, who must obtain it through diet due to an inability to synthesize it endogenously. Functioning as a potent antioxidant and a cofactor for numerous enzymes, vitamin C plays critical roles in collagen biosynthesis, immune support, wound healing, and the maintenance of skin health. It is actively accumulated in body tissues, especially the skin, where it protects against oxidative stress and promotes dermal integrity. In collagen formation, vitamin C acts as a cofactor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases within the endoplasmic reticulum, enabling hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues—key modifications for the structural integrity, folding, and extracellular secretion of collagen fibrils. As an antioxidant, it neutralizes reactive oxygen species and works synergistically with other antioxidants, while at high concentrations, it may exhibit pro-oxidant behavior in the presence of transition metals. In the immune system, vitamin C enhances cellular functions and reduces susceptibility to infections. Deficiency leads to scurvy, marked by impaired collagen synthesis, hemorrhages, poor wound healing, and in severe cases, fatal complications. Ascorbic acid also contributes to neurotransmitter synthesis and cholesterol metabolism. Dietary sources rich in ascorbic acid include citrus fruits, berries, and cruciferous vegetables, with intestinal absorption mediated primarily by sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters (SVCT1 and SVCT2). Given its diverse biological roles, adequate intake of vitamin C is essential for maintaining homeostasis and mitigating oxidative and inflammatory pathologies.
Immunological Response to Herpes Virus and Its Relationship with Interleukin 10
A class of DNA viruses called herpesviruses is well-known for its capacity to create latent infections that last a lifetime and to elude the host's immune system. Natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and antibody-mediated reactions are examples of both innate and adaptive immunity that are involved in the immune response to herpesvirus infection. Modulating host cytokine responses is one of the complex strategies that herpesviruses have evolved to circumvent these defences. The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) is essential for controlling immunological responses and preventing tissue damage. To inhibit immune activation and increase viral persistence, a number of herpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), encode viral homologs of IL-10 or cause the host to produce IL-10. This immunomodulatory effect aids in the development of latency and reactivation as well as the virus's ability to evade immune surveillance. Knowing how herpesviruses and IL-10.
Immune evasion, Latency, Cytokines, Herpesvirus, Interleukin-10, Immune response
The Relationship Between HbA1c and Diabetes
One of the most important biomarkers for the diagnosis and long-term treatment of diabetes mellitus is haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). By calculating the proportion of glycated haemoglobin in the blood it provides an indication of the average blood glucose levels during the previous two to three months. Poor glycaemic control and a higher risk of complications from diabetes, including neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease, are closely linked to elevated HbA1c levels. Because of this connection, HbA1c is a trustworthy measure for diabetes diagnosis as well as for tracking patient compliance and treatment efficacy. In order to lower complications and enhance patient outcomes, current clinical guidelines advise keeping HbA1c below particular thresholds. Effective disease management and prevention strategies require an understanding of the relationships between HbA1c levels and the progression of diabetes.
The gut microbiota effect on obesity and associated metabolic disorders: A Review
The microbiome plays a significant role as a novel factor of biology that indirectly causes obesity through interactions with the host and diet. It affects sugar and fat metabolism and contributes to the regulation of a host's intestinal immunity. This is one of the mechanisms through which it contributes response to diet and the pathophysiology of diet-induced obesity. Obesity is a modern disease that has reached epidemic proportions in all societies due to the metabolic disorders and chronic inflammation it causes. Energy-rich diets and a sedentary lifestyle without exercise are factors that lead to obesity. This review aims to shed light on an important problem facing societies, the resulting threat to human health, and how to treat it using modern applications.
Use of Bacteria in the Dairy Industry: A Review
Bacteria are microorganisms that are widely distributed in nature. There are many types of bacteria, including pathogenic bacteria and beneficial bacteria. Beneficial bacteria are widely used in the food industry in general and in the dairy industry in particular, where they are mainly used in the production of yogurt and cheese of all kinds. They have many health benefits, as they aid digestion and strengthen the digestive and immune systems.
The Impact of Hormones on Generalized Anxiety and Panic Disorders in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Review
This review explores the role of hormones in the development and progression of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and panic disorder (PD) among adolescents and young adults. It highlights how hormonal variations, particularly in sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, as well as stress hormones, for example, cortisol, can influence brain regions involved in emotional regulation, for example, the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. The review examines gender differences, clarifying that females are more susceptible to anxiety disorders, potentially as a result of cyclical hormonal changes. Additionally, it discusses how puberty, a critical developmental stage, marks a period of increased vulnerability due to major hormonal shifts. Understanding these hormonal impacts may improve diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies for GAD and PD in young people. Also, this review explains the definition and types of anxiety disorders and Prevalence in Adolescents and Young Adults. The review also discussed the symptoms and signs of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder, and the optimal treatment for recovery.