Pharaonic Journal of Science
type: channel
publisher: Society of Pathological Biochemistry and Hematology
language: en
publication name: Pharaonic Journal of Science
issn: 3062-6013
items: Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans Isolated from Dental Caries Patients: A Laboratory Study Using CLSI M100 Breakpoints
items: Contemporary Restorative Approaches in Maxillofacial Prosthodontics: Materials, Retention Systems, and Digital Technologies
items: The role of nanotechnology in biological applications: Review article
items: Phylogenetic analysis of Streptococcus cristatus isolated from an infected root canal
items: The Role of Intelligent Technologies in Advancing Operations Research Models and Statistical Methods: A Review
items: Functional Foods: Types and Health Benefits
items: Potato Peel Pectin as a Valuable Product: A Review
items: Protease-Producing Pseudomonas in Cold-Stored Milk: Mechanisms of Quality Deterioration: A Review
items: Advanced Prediction of Chronic Kidney Failure Using Biostatistical and Machine Learning Models: An Age-Stratified Analytical Study Based on Simulated Iraqi Patient Data
items: A Scholarly Examination of Cauchy–Riemann Integrals
items: Biochemical Roles of Bile Acids in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: A Review
items: Endocrine and Hormonal Effects of Medicinal Plant Extracts in Experimental Animal Models: A Review
items: Applications for Artificial Intelligence in Food and Dairy Science: Advancing Food Quality and Safety: A Review
items: Sustainable Horticulture: Assessing the Efficacy of Organic and Bio-Fertilizers in Supporting Tree Health and Production-Review
items: Adapting SynSin for Enhanced Video Frame Interpolation via Temporal Feature Fusion and Depth Consistency
items: Phylogenetic and antibiotic resistance analysis of Escherichia coli isolates from septicemia patients
items: Mycotoxins Contaminating Nuts: A Review
items: The Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Susceptibility to Parasitic Infections: A Review
items: Bacterial and Viral Sexually Transmitted Infections
items: The Relationship Between Obesity and Pregnancy
items: Creating and Analysing Electronic Well-Log Patterns for Identifying Environmental Facies in Abu-Roash ‘G’ Member, West Qaroun field, and Northern Western Desert, Egypt
items: Modeling Photobleaching and Absorption in Skin Tissue Using Nonlinear Optics: Applications in Laser Techniques and Dosimetry for Photodynamic Therapy
items: Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors: A Comprehensive Review
items: Acacia nilotica: A Natural Antimicrobial Agent Compared to Standard Antibiotics
items: The effect of organic and chemical fertilization on the growth and yield of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) under protected cultivation conditions: Comprehensive review.
items: Beneficial Microorganisms in the Human Body: A Review
items: Enhance the productivity of field crops through bio- and organic fertilization as a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers: A Comprehensive review
items: The Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Broiler Production and Physiological Traits: A Comprehensive Review
items: Role of Veterinary Medicines in Animal Health: A Review
items: Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy: A review

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans Isolated from Dental Caries Patients: A Laboratory Study Using CLSI M100 Breakpoints
type: item
description: Background: The prevalence of dental caries is one of the most common chronic infections, mostly associated with the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus Mutans. There is an increase in the number of resistant strains, which poses a significant clinical problem. Objective: Isolation and identification of Streptococcus mutans from patients suffering from dental caries, analysis of resistance to five different clinically important antibiotics, and interpretation based on CLSI M100 criteria. Methods: Plaque specimens were collected from 80 participants. The isolates were then grown on Mitis Salivarius Agar and identified by conventional biochemical methods. Susceptibility to antimicrobials was determined through the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique on Mueller-Hinton Agar containing 5% human blood (CLSI M100). The five antimicrobial agents tested were as follows: Penicillin, Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, and Vancomycin. Results: In 80 bacterial isolates, positive cultures were obtained for 50 samples, where 32 cultures of S. mutans had a frequency of 64%. All isolates were found to be sensitive to Vancomycin (100%) and Penicillin (87.5%). Resistance was observed against Erythromycin (21.9%) and Tetracycline (25%). Conclusion: Vancomycin maintains its effectiveness against S. mutans. Resistance to Erythromycin and Tetracycline needs further surveillance. Standardization of the CLSI method is essential in dental microbiology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Streptococcus mutans
  topic: keywords
subject: dental caries
  topic: keywords
subject: antibiotic susceptibility
  topic: keywords
subject: CLSI M100
  topic: keywords
subject: disk diffusion
  topic: keywords
subject: Viridans Group Streptococci
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Rfysh
creator: Soroor Hadi
creator: Ali Al-Karaawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-21
publication date: 2026-04-21
starting page: 16
ending page: 22
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0203

Contemporary Restorative Approaches in Maxillofacial Prosthodontics: Materials, Retention Systems, and Digital Technologies
type: item
description: Background: Particularly after head and neck cancers, maxillofacial prosthodontics is essential to the rehabilitation of patients with facial defects brought on by trauma, congenital abnormalities, or surgical resection. The functional and aesthetic results of facial prosthesis rehabilitation have been greatly enhanced by developments in biomaterials, retention systems, and digital technologies. Objective: The goal of this review is to present a thorough analysis of restorative techniques in maxillofacial prosthodontics, encompassing digital technologies, implant-supported systems, innovative materials, and conventional treatments. Methods: With the use of electronic resources including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, a narrative literature review was carried out. Using predetermined keywords associated with maxillofacial prosthesis, face rehabilitation, prosthetic materials, retention systems, and digital fabrication technologies, peer-reviewed publications published between 2010 and 2024 were filtered. Included were pertinent papers on intraoral and extraoral prosthesis rehabilitation. Results: According to available data, acrylic resins are still used in some intraoral applications, but silicone elastomers continue to be the preferred material for extraoral prosthesis because of their better biomechanical and aesthetic qualities. When compared to adhesive-based methods, implant-retained prostheses exhibit better retention, stability, and patient satisfaction. Additionally, the combination of digital processes, three-dimensional printing, and CAD/CAM technology has improved customization, decreased manufacturing time, and increased prosthesis precision. Conclusion: Digitally driven, patient-specific rehabilitation techniques that prioritize functional restoration, aesthetics, and quality of life have become the norm in modern maxillofacial prosthodontics. The current level of care is represented by the mix of digital technology, dependable retention methods, a…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maxillofacial prosthesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Facial rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
subject: Prosthetic materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Implant retention
  topic: keywords
subject: CAD/CAM
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital prosthodontics
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Hussien
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 .
date: 2026-04-20
publication date: 2026-04-20
starting page: 7
ending page: 15
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0202

The role of nanotechnology in biological applications: Review article
type: item
description: Through the use of unique nano-properties for targeted action and increased sensitivity, such as large surface area and quantum effects. By enabling precise manipulation of matter at the molecular level, nanotechnology revolutionizes biology and leads to advances in tissue engineering (biocompatible implants, 3D bioprinting scaffolds), gene editing, drug delivery (targeted cancer therapy, fewer side effects), and diagnostics (ultra-sensitive biosensors for early disease detection, imaging). Since nanotechnology primarily inhibits and destroys germs, it is a powerful tool against antibiotic resistance. By using nanosensors to enable early detection, enhanced imaging to improve diagnosis, and targeted drug delivery (nanocarriers like liposomes) to improve treatment. Currently, molecular imaging uses a variety of nanoparticles, and in recent decades, the use of nanoparticles for cancer detection and monitoring has attracted a lot of attention. By facilitating targeted drug delivery, painless oral insulin administration, more intelligent glucose monitoring, and regenerative medicine, going beyond injections to offer glucose-responsive systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: nanotechnology
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacteria
  topic: keywords
subject: cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: diabetes
  topic: keywords
creator: Yasir Jameel
creator: Muna Khayri
creator: Farah Yaseen
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 .
date: 2026-04-20
publication date: 2026-04-20
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0201

Phylogenetic analysis of Streptococcus cristatus isolated from an infected root canal
type: item
description: Objectives: This research aimed to investigate the identification by molecular and morphological techniques of a new local strain of Streptococcus cristatus. This strain was detected in 30 cases of patients with infected root canals. Methods: In this study, a modification of Schaedler Agar Medium was done to encourage the isolation of this strain. Then tests of ability for slime layer production and Antibiotic sensitivity were done. Results: The results showed that only three out of the thirteen cases gave positive results for S. cristatus, estimating a 10% prevalence. PCR and gel electrophoresis were employed to further verify this outcome. S. cristatus's 16S rRNA gene sequence was ascertained and compared with the present information from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) to determine the strain specifically. The accession number PV243282.1 was assigned to the sequence following its submission to GenBank. This strain was registered in GenBank under the name Mosul. Furthermore, the study confirmed that the isolate under study could create a slime layer and the capacity to produce biofilm. Conclusion. The results of this study enhance the knowledge about S. cristatus and its traits in relation to infected root canals, offering insightful information for future studies and Possible approaches to treatment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Modified Schaedler Agar
  topic: keywords
subject: root canal infection
  topic: keywords
subject: new local strain Streptococcus cristatus
  topic: keywords
subject: PCR
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Salih
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-12
publication date: 2026-04-12
starting page: 166
ending page: 173
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0114

The Role of Intelligent Technologies in Advancing Operations Research Models and Statistical Methods: A Review
type: item
description: This article reviews the evolving role of smart technologies in advancing operations research models and statistical methods. The article begins by asserting that operations research and statistics have developed relatively separately despite their natural complementarity, as statistical methods provide the data and standards needed for operations research models. The article identifies three main categories of smart technologies: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (sub-categories: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning), data infrastructure and big data analytics (including data processing and feature engineering), and automation, simulation, and digital twining. The article reviews the synergies between these technologies and process research modeling through three main areas: model formulation and solution techniques, by integrating machine learning predictions, surrogate modeling, and designing hybrid structures, data-driven calibration and validation: using data to derive model parameters and estimating uncertainty, instantaneous optimization and adaptive decision-making: through rapid re-optimization and multi-stage optimization. The article also discusses the enhancement of statistical methods through intelligent technologies, especially in AI-powered Bayesian and probabilistic modeling, non-parametric methods, and powerful methods in intelligent data environments, causal reasoning, and experimental design with learning-enhanced tools. The article concludes with applications across multiple sectors, including supply chains and logistics, healthcare and epidemiology, energy systems and sustainability, and finance and risk management, emphasizing that the integration of smart technologies with operations research and statistics opens up new avenues for improving decision-making in complex and data-rich environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Operations Research
  topic: keywords
subject: Statistical Methods
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart Technologies
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Big Data Analytics
  topic: keywords
creator: Rusul Dawood
creator: Ahmed Khaleel
creator: Mahmood Mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-11
publication date: 2026-04-11
starting page: 152
ending page: 165
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0113

Functional Foods: Types and Health Benefits
type: item
description: This scientific article examines the concept of functional foods as an important area of research focused on providing health benefits beyond basic nutrition, with the aim of promoting healthy lifestyles and preventing disease. The article reviews the conceptual framework of functional foods and their historical development, as they have been receiving increasing attention since the 1990s, with the emergence of scientific evidence to support the health claims of their ingredients. The article categorizes functional foods into four main types: fortified foods (with added nutrients), whole foods containing bioactive compounds, therapeutic foods that target specific chronic diseases, and nutritional supplements that differ from traditional foods in their form and concentrated doses. The article discusses the different mechanisms by which these foods improve health, such as their impact on the biological pathways associated with lifestyle diseases. It also reviews health benefits across different populations, including: Cardiovascular health: by modulating risks such as plasma lipids and blood pressure. Metabolic health: By improving blood glucose regulation, insulin sensitivity, and weight control. Digestive Health and Microbiome: By promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria via probiotics and prebiotics. Modulation of immunity and inflammation: By reducing signs of chronic inflammation and boosting immunity. Cognitive function and mental health: through the effect of micronutrients and antioxidants.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Health Benefits
  topic: keywords
subject: Fortified Foods
  topic: keywords
subject: Bioactive Compounds
  topic: keywords
subject: Probiotics
  topic: keywords
subject: Prebiotics
  topic: keywords
subject: Cardiovascular Health
  topic: keywords
creator: Afkar Ahmed
creator: Ali Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-10
publication date: 2026-04-10
starting page: 142
ending page: 151
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0112

Potato Peel Pectin as a Valuable Product: A Review
type: item
description: As an organic waste product that is disposed of in large volumes worldwide, potato peels constitute an abundant and imposing environmental predator. This consequently is strategically significant research, which is a fresh perspective to re-examine them as an alternative and sustainable source to extract pectin. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the use of potato peels as a feedstock for pectin production, which is in agreement with the international trends toward the circular economy and less industrial waste. To this end, the review investigates the chemical and physical strategies available for extracting pectin and converting this environmental liability into a product of enhanced economic value. This section includes the comparison between traditional extraction technologies based on mineral acids and novel technologies such as enzyme-assisted extraction or other extraction methods like ultrasonic extraction, and their effect on the functional properties of the end-product. It also points out the technical difficulties in the structural composition and the degree of esterification of potato pectin, which is unlike conventional sources (citrus) pectin. In light of the scientific evidence they analyzed, the study states that potato skins are a strategic resource with the potential to bridge gaps in the food and pharma additive supply industry. The summary ends with a vision for future research focusing on achieving an optimal economic return while underlining the importance of using industrial processes as efficiently as possible without exceeding the minimal environmental footprint.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pectin extraction
  topic: keywords
subject: potato peels
  topic: keywords
subject: organic waste
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: functional properties
  topic: keywords
creator: Israa Ahmed
creator: Ali Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-09
publication date: 2026-04-09
starting page: 136
ending page: 141
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0111

Protease-Producing Pseudomonas in Cold-Stored Milk: Mechanisms of Quality Deterioration: A Review
type: item
description: This review article addresses a major problem in the dairy industry, namely the role that protease-producing bacteria, Pseudomonas, play in the deterioration of the quality of cold-stored milk. Although cooling slows the growth of most bacteria, it creates an ideal environment for the proliferation of psychrotrophic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas. These bacteria are widespread in dairy environments and can contaminate milk after pasteurization. The main problem is the ability of Pseudomonas to produce heat-resistant protease (proteolytic) and lipase (lipid-lyzing) enzymes, which remain active even after pasteurization. These enzymes target and break down essential milk proteins (such as casein), resulting in: Changes in texture: gelation, increased viscosity and undesirable texture, changes in flavor: release of bitter peptides due to casein degradation, free fatty acids that cause rancid or soapy flavors due to lipolysis, synergistic effects: Proteolysis and lipoprotein work together to accelerate the degradation process and produce unwanted flavor compounds at a faster pace. The article reviews in detail the protease systems in Pseudomonas, which include mineral enzymes (e.g. AprX) and serine enzymes, and how their production is regulated at the genetic and environmental level (e.g., temperature, pH, quorum sensing). It also discusses the impact of storage conditions, especially temperature fluctuations and oxygen availability, on bacterial growth and enzymatic activity. In terms of detection and monitoring, the article points out that traditional methods (microbial transplantation) are slow and impractical for routine monitoring. Therefore, biochemical methods (e.g., enzymatic activity assays) and molecular methods (e.g., PCR and metagenomics techniques) are being used for rapid and accurate diagnosis of degrading potential.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Microbial spoilage
  topic: keywords
subject: Pseudomonas
  topic: keywords
subject: Proteases
  topic: keywords
subject: Proteolysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Cryophilic enzymes
  topic: keywords
subject: Casein
  topic: keywords
creator: Jwan Mohi
creator: Ali Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-08
publication date: 2026-04-08
starting page: 126
ending page: 135
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0110

Advanced Prediction of Chronic Kidney Failure Using Biostatistical and Machine Learning Models: An Age-Stratified Analytical Study Based on Simulated Iraqi Patient Data
type: item
description: Chronic kidney disease has become one of the major public health issues in Iraq due to the increasing rates of diabetes, high blood pressure, and an ageing population. The aim of this study was to investigate how age influences the creation of predictive models for the various stages of kidney disease. Key attributes were identified, and a synthetic dataset of 1,000 patients from Iraq was generated. To do this, several predictive models were employed, including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). A 10-fold cross-validation was performed on all models to assess their stability and generalizability. The models were assessed, and their performance was measured using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and area under the curve (AUC), as well as on calibration tests, decision curve analysis, interaction tests, and survival analysis. Of all the models evaluated, Random Forest and XGBoost were found to have the best discriminative ability, with AUCs of 0.88 and 0.89, respectively. From the analyses conducted, individuals aged 60 years and older had a significantly higher likelihood of having kidney disease. The most significant predictors were older age, higher serum creatinine levels, and the presence of diabetes and hypertension. The results underscore the clinical value of predictive models for early risk stratification and emphasize the value of predictive technology for information-based management of chronic kidney disease.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
  topic: keywords
subject: Kidney Failure Prediction
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Random Forest
  topic: keywords
subject: XGBoost
  topic: keywords
subject: Support Vector Machine (SVM)
  topic: keywords
creator: Taghreed Abdel-Zahra
creator: Karrar Al-Sayeab
creator: Mohammmed Neamah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-04-08
publication date: 2026-04-08
starting page: 101
ending page: 125
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0109

A Scholarly Examination of Cauchy–Riemann Integrals
type: item
description: This article examines an in-depth analytical study of Cauchy-Riemann integrals (CR) and their pivotal role in nodal analysis. The beginning of these integrations is presented with basic definitions of these integrals, which are derived from Cauchy"s theory of integrals and the Cauchy–Riemann equations, with an emphasis on their formulation as linear integrals on closed paths. The article discusses the conditions for the existence and uniqueness of these integrations, the extent to which they depend on the geometry of the field and the choice of the integration path, and shows their analytical properties such as linearity, symmetry, and the possibility of derivation under the integration signal. It also offers important applications, including its use as a criterion for verifying the analytic of nodal functions, and solving complex momentum problems (Hamburger, Stiltis, and Verblinski). The article includes various illustrative examples, such as the integration of polynomials and exponential functions, and the distortion of non-trivial paths. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of Cauchy-Riemann integrations as a powerful analytical tool and proposes promising prospects for their generalization to higher-dimensional spaces.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cauchy–Riemann integrals
  topic: keywords
subject: holomorphic functions
  topic: keywords
subject: contour integrals
  topic: keywords
subject: moment problems
  topic: keywords
subject: Cauchy–Riemann equations
  topic: keywords
subject: integration theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Fathi
creator: Zainab Muhammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
starting page: 90
ending page: 100
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0108

Biochemical Roles of Bile Acids in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: A Review
type: item
description: This article reviews the biochemical role of bile acids in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), one of the most common pregnancy-related liver diseases. ICP is associated with pruritus and elevated blood bile acid concentrations, and increases the risk of fetal mortality and preterm delivery. Bile acids, which are synthesized from cholesterol, play a central role in the pathophysiology of ICP, as changes in their synthesis and metabolism lead to their toxic accumulation in the liver. The article explains the mechanism of action of this accumulation through the activation of cellular and inflammatory signaling pathways, specifically through receptors such as FXR and TGR5, leading to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and liver cell damage. Elevated bile acids also cross the placenta, negatively affecting its function and fetal health. Bile acid levels and ratios can be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and assessment, and understanding these mechanisms opens up possibilities for targeted therapies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP)
  topic: keywords
subject: bile acids
  topic: keywords
subject: pathophysiology
  topic: keywords
subject: nuclear receptors (FXR)
  topic: keywords
subject: oxidative stress
  topic: keywords
subject: placental function
  topic: keywords
creator: Tamara Abdulrahman
creator: Mohammed Haddad
creator: Neam Alhafidh
creator: Ali Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
starting page: 77
ending page: 89
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0107

Endocrine and Hormonal Effects of Medicinal Plant Extracts in Experimental Animal Models: A Review
type: item
description: The endocrine and hormonal effects of medicinal plant extracts in experimental animal models are reviewed in this article. Excluding research on people or cell cultures, the systematic review concentrated on studies that directly or indirectly assessed hormone levels or functioning in animals. Numerous plant extracts have shown significant effects on a number of hormonal axis, including: Hormones (LH, FSH, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone) in a number of animal species were impacted by extracts from the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: By influencing hormones like corticosterone, some extracts have demonstrated the capacity to regulate the reaction to stress. Thyroid-pancreatic axis: Certain extracts have an impact on insulin and glucagon release, thyroid hormones (T3, T4), and glucose management. Certain phytochemical classes are linked to these effects, most notably: Sex and thyroid hormone receptors are impacted by flavonoids, such as quercetin and genistein. Terpenes, polyphenols, and alkaloids all have different roles in regulating endocrine processes. Conclusion: This review highlights the need for more research to fully comprehend the mechanisms, improve the chemical makeup of the extracts, and carry out thorough toxicity studies to better evaluate their therapeutic potential and potential risks. However, it also confirms the promising potential of medicinal plant extracts in modulating the endocrine system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medicinal plant extracts
  topic: keywords
subject: endocrine effects
  topic: keywords
subject: hormones
  topic: keywords
subject: flavonoids
  topic: keywords
subject: alkaloids
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Taha
creator: Alaa Mohammed
creator: Ali Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
starting page: 66
ending page: 76
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0106

Applications for Artificial Intelligence in Food and Dairy Science: Advancing Food Quality and Safety: A Review
type: item
description: Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a key tool in food science that significantly raises the safety and quality of food. AI methods like computer vision, machine learning, and artificial neural networks enable effective analysis of complex food data. These technologies are widely used in sensory evaluation, spoilage prediction, and quality assessment of food products. Because AI can detect chemical and microbiological contaminants early on, it is also crucial for human health. AI-powered solutions also enhance food manufacturing procedures and reduce waste. All things considered, applying AI to food science improves consumer protection and encourages more reliable decision-making.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: contaminant detection
  topic: keywords
subject: food safety monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Hassan Al-Fayadh
creator: Azhar Shuker
creator: Maha Dayia
creator: Ali Saadi
creator: Emad Abdullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-12
publication date: 2026-03-12
starting page: 51
ending page: 65
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0105

Sustainable Horticulture: Assessing the Efficacy of Organic and Bio-Fertilizers in Supporting Tree Health and Production-Review
type: item
description: Chemical fertilizers and pesticides have greatly enhanced agricultural productivity over the last half-century, but their unselective application has been responsible for environmental pollution, soil degradation, pest resistance, and human health issues. Hence, there has been increasing interest in environment-friendly methods like Integrated Pest Management (IPM), biofertilizers, and organic farming. Biofertilizers—consisting of beneficial microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and algae—increase nutrient availability due to nitrogen fixation and mineral dissolution, and provide a sustainable source of chemicals. Organic farming and organic amendments enhance soil fertility, microbial diversity, and ecosystem services, and sustain or enhance crop quality. Organic systems, in earlier research, were shown to have yields equal to conventional systems under favorable conditions, but it requires more labor and higher input costs. Recent research has highlighted the application of biofertilizers and microbial inoculants in tree crops, namely citrus, apricot, olive, pomegranate, and apple, and has noted improved growth, yield, fruit quality, nutrient uptake, and disease resistance. A combination of synergistic inputs like amino acids, humic substances, PGPR, mycorrhizal fungi, and organic amendments further increases crop productivity and stress tolerance. Emerging technologies such as nanomaterials, microbial endophytes, and controlled environment agriculture hold further promise for sustainable productivity. Long-term experiments reaffirm that mixed and organic fertilization methods equal or surpass the nutritional and yield capacity of inorganic fertilizers, but these have lower environmental effects. It indicates the potential of organic and biological inputs in sustainable horticultural production, especially for perennial tree crops, and stresses their role in addressing future food demand against altered climatic and demographic scenarios.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: organic fertilizers
  topic: keywords
subject: biofertilizers
  topic: keywords
subject: tree health
  topic: keywords
subject: PGPR
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable agriculture
  topic: keywords
creator: Mustafa Mustafa
creator: Waad Faizy
creator: Mohammed Al-Alaf
creator: Samir Ayoub
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-12
publication date: 2026-03-12
starting page: 37
ending page: 50
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0104

Adapting SynSin for Enhanced Video Frame Interpolation via Temporal Feature Fusion and Depth Consistency
type: item
description: Frame interpolation seeks to synthesize temporally consistent in-between frames that enhance video smoothness and visual continuity. We revisit SynSin—originally designed for single-image novel view synthesis—and reformulate it for interpolation by introducing (i) dual-frame input handling, (ii) temporal feature fusion and explicit temporal encoding, (iii) a dedicated interpolation module, (iv) depth-consistency constraints across inputs and the synthesized frame, and (v) a refinement stage to suppress artifacts. Training uses reconstruction-oriented loss while evaluation reports MSE, SSIM, and PSNR. We assess the approach on the indoor 7Scenes benchmark. The modified model yields validation MSE = 0.0011 and SSIM = 0.943, improving over an unmodified baseline (MSE = 0.0033, SSIM = 0.9327), a 66.7 % error reduction, and a +0.0103 absolute SSIM gain. These results indicate that a view-synthesis backbone can be effectively adapted to temporal synthesis, offering a simple, data-efficient route to competitive interpolation quality useful for video editing, animation, and streaming. Beyond performance, our study highlights a practical pathway for repurposing view-synthesis architectures to broader video tasks, encouraging unified designs that share geometry-aware depth reasoning and temporal modeling.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Frame interpolation
  topic: keywords
subject: novel view synthesis
  topic: keywords
subject: neural rendering
  topic: keywords
subject: depth consistency
  topic: keywords
subject: temporal encoding
  topic: keywords
subject: temporal feature fusion
  topic: keywords
creator: Ghasaq Hameed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-12
publication date: 2026-03-12
starting page: 28
ending page: 36
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0103

Phylogenetic and antibiotic resistance analysis of Escherichia coli isolates from septicemia patients
type: item
description: Escherichia coli is a major bacterium impacting human health, widely present in the environment and the human body. Its persistence challenges the immune system and facilitates opportunistic infections across all age groups. A critical strategy of E. coli is EMDR, which exacerbates chronic diseases and complicates treatment, contributing to the global crisis of antibiotic-resistant epidemics. This study investigated bacteremia caused by E. coli. A total of 100 blood samples were collected from patients exhibiting clinical symptoms such as fever, chills, and weakness. Samples were cultured anaerobically at 37°C for 24–72 hours, then subcultured on selective media. Identification use Vitek ID system, antibiotic sensitivity testing with the Vitek AST card, and 16S rRNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed evolutionary relationships between E. coli isolates and members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Results: showed that 75 isolates (75%) were identified as E. coli, confirming its significant role in bloodstream infections (BSI). The evolutionary tree highlighted close genetic links with resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains. To explore alternative therapies, the antibacterial activity of green tea extracts was assessed using agar well diffusion. The aqueous extract exhibited dose-dependent inhibition zones of 25, 20, 15, and 10 mm at concentrations of 40, 30, 20, and 10 mg/mL, respectively. Ethanol extracts showed stronger activity, with inhibition zones of 35, 30, 25, and 22 mm at the same concentrations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: E. coli
  topic: keywords
subject: BSI
  topic: keywords
subject: EMDR
  topic: keywords
subject: PCR
  topic: keywords
subject: phylogenetic tree
  topic: keywords
subject: green tea extract
  topic: keywords
creator: Roaa Thamer
creator: Rana Hasan
creator: Neam Alhafidh
creator: Mustafa Mustafa
creator: Mohammed Haddad
creator: Ali Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-26
publication date: 2026-01-26
starting page: 13
ending page: 27
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0102

Mycotoxins Contaminating Nuts: A Review
type: item
description: The main mycotoxins in nuts: (Aflatoxins): The most toxic and widespread, produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, and considered to be highly carcinogenic. Found in high levels in walnuts, pistachios, almonds, and hazelnuts. Ochratoxins: These pose a risk to the kidneys, nervous system, and immune system, and are found in almonds, Brazil nuts, and hazelnuts. Fumonisins: These are relatively rare in nuts, but their chronic toxicity is under study. Patulin: Its presence in nuts is limited, but it is the subject of regulatory discussions. The most important sources and routes of contamination are: Pre-harvest: Climatic conditions (humidity, temperature) and genetic factors in the crop play a major role in fungal infection and toxin production. Post-harvest: Inadequate drying and storage in warm, humid conditions (relative humidity >50%) are critical factors that stimulate fungal growth and toxin production. Processing: Common roasting, baking, and frying processes do not significantly reduce aflatoxin levels or may be ineffective. Several methods are used for detection and analysis: Traditional analytical methods include (HPLC), (LC-MS/MS), and (ELISA). Emerging technologies such as biosensors and hyperspectral imaging supported by artificial intelligence show great potential for rapid, field-based detection. The review emphasizes that mycotoxin contamination of nuts is an ongoing global challenge that requires an integrated “farm-to-table” approach. Successfully controlling this problem depends on combining good agricultural practices, appropriate storage conditions, accurate detection methods, and effective mitigation strategies, all within a strict regulatory framework to ensure the safety of these highly nutritious foods.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ochratoxins
  topic: keywords
subject: Mycotoxins
  topic: keywords
subject: Nuts
  topic: keywords
subject: Aflatoxins
  topic: keywords
creator: Huda Ramadan
creator: Sarah Oubid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-26
publication date: 2026-01-26
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2026.0101

The Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Susceptibility to Parasitic Infections: A Review
type: item
description: Vitamin D is one of the most important vital elements in regulating the immune system in the human body. This vitamin can support the body in confronting pathogenic agents. On the other hand, a deficiency of this vitamin makes the immune response to pathogenic agents low, and the incidence of parasitic diseases increases, especially in areas whose population suffers from malnutrition and poor health services. Vitamin D increases immune activity by regulating the work of immune system cells, lymphocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells, where immune defense mechanisms depend mainly on these cells against pathogens. Many recent studies have indicated that there is a relationship between low vitamin D and infection with some parasites, including the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, which causes toxoplasmosis, and the leishmaniasis parasite, which causes cutaneous leishmaniasis. This review indicates, through its presentation of sources, that vitamin D deficiency affects the immune response and weakens the body’s ability to defend and get rid of parasites, which leads to their development within it. Understanding the relationship between low levels of vitamin D and susceptibility to parasitic infection in a deeper way is an important step in scientific research because it can help devise new methods of prevention and treatment, aiming to strengthen immunity and reduce the spread of parasitic diseases.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Vitamin D
  topic: keywords
subject: Toxoplasma gondii
  topic: keywords
subject: immune system
  topic: keywords
subject: leishmaniasis
  topic: keywords
creator: Rawa Al-saeedi
creator: Noor Hallab
creator: Ghassan Nissan
creator: Wasan Ghanem
creator: Shahad Mustafa
creator: Noor Muzahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-10
publication date: 2025-12-10
starting page: 276
ending page: 285
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2025.0213

Bacterial and Viral Sexually Transmitted Infections
type: item
description: There are two terms often used interchangeably, Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) and Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD), but in fact, they are different. STI is infection that can lead to STDs, so every STD is preceded by an STI but not every STI leads to STD severe reproductive complications can result from STDs, including congenital infection, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. In addition, STDs can increase the chance of acquiring and transmitting Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. STIs or STDs typically result from sexual contact, and the causative agents can be bacteria, parasites, or viruses. The most prevalent STDs are viral infections, as they are treatable but not curable. Symptoms vary according to the viral type and range from skin lesions and warts to immune deficiency and cancer. The treatment of infections that are transmitted sexually relies on the infection type. It is important for sexually active members at higher risk to undergo regular screenings. Neglecting the use of condoms represents a significant risk of infection.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sexually transmitted diseases, sexually transmitted infections, Vaccination, Human immunodeficiency virus.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed H. Hammo
creator: Roaa A. Thamer
creator: Neam M. Alhafidh
creator: Tamara Sh. Abdulrahman
creator: Ali M. Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 237
ending page: 251
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2025.0211

The Relationship Between Obesity and Pregnancy
type: item
description: Pregnancy outcomes for both the mother and the foetus are greatly impacted by obesity, a growing global health concern. With an emphasis on the physiological, metabolic, and obstetric ramifications, this study examines the intricate relationship between obesity and pregnancy. Preeclampsia, hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, and caesarean delivery are all linked to maternal obesity. Additionally, it can have a detrimental effect on foetal development, resulting in complications like preterm birth, macrosomia, and long-term metabolic disorders in the offspring. The study also emphasises the difficulties in controlling obesity during pregnancy and the significance of weight-loss plans, dietary advice, and preconception counselling. It is essential to comprehend this relationship to enhance prenatal care and lessen unfavourable outcomes for both mother and child.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Obesity, pregnancy, maternal health, fetal outcomes, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hadeel Tahseen Al-hashimi
creator: Ghufran Mohammed Sadee Merie
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pharaonic Journal of Science
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 219
ending page: 236
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2025.0210

Creating and Analysing Electronic Well-Log Patterns for Identifying Environmental Facies in Abu-Roash ‘G’ Member, West Qaroun field, and Northern Western Desert, Egypt
type: item
description: This study highlights the challenges of exploring oil in the Abu Roash ‘G’ Member, within Egypt’s Abu Gharadig Basin. The reservoir is formed in a near-shore depositional environment and is highly heterogeneous, with rock properties varying dramatically over short distances. Analysing the provided logs is essential in providing correlations, and visualizing those correlations is crucial for understanding the environmental characteristics and spatial changes between the wells. Creating patterns using electronic well-logs helps with identifying facies, and that, in turn, can be used while correlating.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Abu Gharadig Basin, Abu Roash ‘G’, Facies, Environment, Well-Logs Patterns
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohie Eldin Saber
creator: Fathy Mohamed
creator: Ahmed El-Sabbagh
creator: Salah Omar
creator: Mohamed Abd Elrahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 252
ending page: 275
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2025.0212

Modeling Photobleaching and Absorption in Skin Tissue Using Nonlinear Optics: Applications in Laser Techniques and Dosimetry for Photodynamic Therapy
type: item
description: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy arises from the interplay of photosensitizer photobleaching, evolving tissue optics, and nonlinear light–tissue interactions. Conventional dosimetry assumes exponential decay and constant optical properties, overlooking depth-dependent bleaching and scattering drift. Here, we present a nonlinear dosimetry framework that integrates first-order bleaching kinetics with Monte Carlo (MC) photon transport, extending the optical penetration depth through a nonlinear expansion. A new metric, the Fluorescence Curvature Index (FCI), classifies regimes as bleaching-dominated (FCI > 0) or surface-confined, multiphoton-dominated (FCI < 0). Using high-resolution MC simulations (10⁶ photons, 0.005 mm steps), bleaching constants ( ), nonlinear coefficients (C, Q), and multiphoton orders ( ), with dose–response sweeps across 10–300 J/cm² ensuring reproducibility. were extracted, including thermal scattering drift terms. Results identified three characteristic regimes: 405 nm and 630 nm with bleaching-dominated clearing, 595 nm with inversion-prone vascular confinement, and multiphoton-driven confinement at high fluence. The consolidated protocol table links penetration depth, bleaching thresholds, and disease targets, providing quantitative guidance for wavelength-specific PDT optimization.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Photodynamic Therapy; Photobleaching Kinetics; Photosensitizer Concentration; Multiphoton Absorption; Nonlinear Scattering; Optical Penetration Depth
  topic: keywords
creator: Oday Jumaa
creator: Mahdi Massoud
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-11-14
publication date: 2025-11-14
starting page: 204
ending page: 218
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2025.0209

Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Despite advances in screening and therapy, its global burden continues to rise, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, highlighting rising incidence in Asia and persistently high mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease’s incidence reflects a complex interplay between genetic, hormonal, environmental, and lifestyle determinants. Established risk factors include age, family history, reproductive behavior, hormonal exposure, obesity, alcohol consumption, and radiation exposure. Strong evidence supports associations between breast cancer risk and high mammographic breast density, hormonal exposures (hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives), early menarche, late menopause, delayed first childbirth, and limited breastfeeding duration. Genetic factors, notably BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, contribute to 5–10% of cases, predominantly in younger women and those with family history. Emerging evidence implicates atrial fibrillation, metabolic syndrome, and microbiome alterations in modulating breast cancer susceptibility. Meanwhile, protective factors such as physical activity, breastfeeding, and healthy dietary patterns have shown potential to mitigate risk. This review synthesizes current epidemiological trends and evidence-based risk factors contributing to breast cancer development, highlighting regional disparities, modifiable exposures, and emerging genetic insights. Understanding these determinants is essential to guide preventive strategies, early detection, and tailored public health interventions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: breast cancer, epidemiology, risk factors, genetics, prevention, global health
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed Yameny
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-18
publication date: 2025-08-18
starting page: 195
ending page: 203
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2025.0208

Acacia nilotica: A Natural Antimicrobial Agent Compared to Standard Antibiotics
type: item
description: This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of Acacia nilotica extracts against six bacterial strains: P. mirabilis, S. aureus ATCC 6538, E. faecium ATCC 14936, E. faecalis ATCC 29212, E. coli ATCC 8739, and Serratia spp. The extracts were tested in varying concentrations (1/10, 1/100, and 1/1000) and compared to standard antibiotics, including Amoxicillin, Cefotaxime, Amikacin, and Ciprofloxacin. The results revealed that alcohol-based extracts exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to aqueous extracts, with the hot alcohol extract at a (1/10) concentration showing the most significant effects. P. mirabilis and S. aureus were the most susceptible strains, demonstrating inhibition zones up to 30 mm with alcohol extracts. In contrast, Serratia spp. and E. coli were largely resistant across all extract types and concentrations. E. faecium and E. faecalis showed moderate sensitivity, particularly to hot alcohol extract. High-concentration extracts (1/10) consistently produced measurable inhibition zones, while diluted extracts (1/100 and 1/1000) showed reduced or no activity, highlighting the importance of extract concentration for antimicrobial efficacy. Cold alcohol extract showed the highest activity against S. aureus, while hot alcohol extract was most effective against P. mirabilis. When compared with antibiotics, Amoxicillin and Ciprofloxacin demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones reaching up to 48 mm against E. faecium. A. nilotica extracts showed significant antibacterial activity, even against resistant strains, though they were less potent. The results emphasize A. nilotica's promise as a natural antibacterial, with its effectiveness influenced by the extraction method and concentration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Acacia nilotica
  topic: keywords
subject: Medicinal plants
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibacterial efficacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural antimicrobial agent
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Ramadan
creator: Samia Al-Ojali
creator: Salmin Alshalmani
creator: Hayfa Amhimmid Masoud Hayfa Amhimmid Masoud
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-17
publication date: 2025-08-17
starting page: 184
ending page: 194
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2025.0207

The effect of organic and chemical fertilization on the growth and yield of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) under protected cultivation conditions: Comprehensive review.
type: item
description: The cultivation of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) in protected greenhouses requires careful nutrient management to maintain rapid plant growth, high fruiting rates, and continuous harvesting. This review compiles evidence on organic and chemical fertilization strategies and their effects on growth, yield, fruit quality, soil health, and sustainability. Chemical fertilizers (especially N–P–K via top dressing) promote early activity, leaf area, and marketable yield through readily available nutrients and controllable doses. However, exclusive reliance on them can exacerbate soil salinity, nutrient imbalance, and environmental pollution, especially under intensive year-round production. Organic amendments (compost, manure, digestate, biochar, and plant extracts) improve cation exchange capacity, water retention, and microbial activity, often leading to improved fruit quality (dry matter, firmness, soluble solids, vitamin C) and reduced physiological disorders. Crop responses to organic fertilizers alone vary, reflecting the quality of amendments, mineralization rates, and temperature-dependent decomposition common in protected systems. In all studies, integrated nutrient management — combining basic organic amendments and soluble mineral fertilization — provides the most reliable results: higher nutrient use efficiency, stable yields, improved storage life, and partial (20–50%) replacement of synthetic nitrogen without affecting yield. Economic analyses generally favor integrated programs when organic inputs are locally available and fertigation is optimized. Future priorities include standardizing organic input characterization, modeling N mineralization under protected microclimates, and long-term trials that jointly track yield, quality, and soil biological indicators to define fertilizer substitution thresholds for resilient cucumber production.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cucumis sativus L.
  topic: keywords
subject: protected cultivation
  topic: keywords
subject: fertigation
  topic: keywords
subject: chemical fertilizers
  topic: keywords
subject: integrated nutrients
  topic: keywords
creator: Omar Al-Rubaie
creator: Ghadeer Mawlood
creator: Omar Asr
creator: Mohammed Najm
creator: Ali Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-17
publication date: 2025-08-17
starting page: 169
ending page: 183
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2025.0206

Beneficial Microorganisms in the Human Body: A Review
type: item
description: Microorganisms are tiny living organisms that are widely distributed in nature. Microorganisms are classified into two main categories: beneficial microorganisms and harmful microorganisms. This review focuses on beneficial microorganisms found in the human body that play an important role in health. Microorganisms are mainly found in the small and large intestines and play a vital role in digestion and metabolism. These organisms, which include bacteria and fungi, secrete enzymes that help break down food and absorb nutrients. In addition, these organisms contribute to the production of certain vitamins and regulate immune system function.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Human Body
  topic: keywords
subject: Microorganisms
  topic: keywords
subject: Algae
  topic: keywords
subject: Fungi
  topic: keywords
subject: Protozoa
  topic: keywords
creator: Farman Ahmed
creator: Ali Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pharaonic Journal of Science
date: 2025-08-17
publication date: 2025-08-17
starting page: 153
ending page: 168
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2025.0205

Enhance the productivity of field crops through bio- and organic fertilization as a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers: A Comprehensive review
type: item
description: Sustainable agriculture has become a global priority in response to the challenges of climate change, soil degradation, and overreliance on environmentally harmful synthetic chemical fertilizers. Field crop productivity depends heavily on soil fertility and nutrient management, making the search for environmentally friendly alternatives critically important. Biofertilizers and organic fertilization methods have gained considerable attention as viable solutions for promoting crop growth and increasing yields while maintaining ecological balance. Biofertilizers, which include nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium and Azotobacter, phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms, and mycorrhizal fungi, improve nutrient availability and stimulate plant metabolic activities through biological processes. They not only provide essential macro- and micronutrients but also promote root growth, stress tolerance, and overall plant vigor. On the other hand, organic fertilizers derived from compost, animal manure, crop residues, and green manure enrich the soil with organic matter, improve its physical structure, and promote water retention and microbial diversity. When used together, biofertilizers and organic fertilizers create synergistic effects that enhance nutrient cycling, reduce nutrient loss, and support long-term soil fertility. Recent studies have shown that integrated organic biofertilization systems can significantly increase field crop yields, reduce their dependence on chemical inputs, and minimize negative environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions and groundwater pollution. Furthermore, these systems contribute to climate-resilient agriculture by improving soil carbon sequestration and enhancing biodiversity within the soil ecosystem. This review highlights the mechanisms, benefits, and applications of biofertilization and organic fertilization in field crop production, emphasizing their role in sustainable agriculture. Evidence suggests that the adoption …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Field crops
  topic: keywords
subject: Crop productivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Organic fertilization
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Biofertilizers
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil fertility
  topic: keywords
creator: Ghadeer Mawlood
creator: Omar Al-Rubaie
creator: Mohammed Najm
creator: Yarub Sumuu
creator: Omar Asri
creator: Ali Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-17
publication date: 2025-08-17
starting page: 136
ending page: 152
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2025.0204

The Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Broiler Production and Physiological Traits: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: This comprehensive review examines the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on broiler production and physiological traits, highlighting its potential as a natural feed additive in poultry nutrition. Grape seed extract is rich in polyphenols, particularly proanthocyanidins, which possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. These bioactive compounds may enhance growth performance, improve feed efficiency, and promote overall health in broilers. The review synthesizes findings from various studies that investigate the impact of GSE on key performance indicators such as weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and carcass quality. Additionally, it explores the physiological effects of GSE on parameters such as immune response, gut health, and oxidative stress markers. Evidence suggests that GSE supplementation can lead to improved intestinal morphology, enhanced villus height, and increased beneficial gut microbiota, contributing to better nutrient absorption and overall health. Furthermore, the review discusses the optimal dosage of grape seed extract for maximizing its benefits in broiler production, as well as potential mechanisms underlying its effects. The implications of using GSE as a sustainable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters are also considered, given the growing concerns over antibiotic resistance in livestock. In conclusion, grape seed extract shows promise as a functional feed additive that can positively influence broiler production and physiological traits. Future research should focus on long-term effects, optimal inclusion rates, and practical applications in commercial poultry farming to fully realize the benefits of this natural supplement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Grape seed extract
  topic: keywords
subject: Broiler Production
  topic: keywords
subject: performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Physiological Traits
  topic: keywords
subject: antioxidant activity
  topic: keywords
subject: phytogenic feed additives
  topic: keywords
creator: Omar Al-Rubaie
creator: Ghadeer Mawlood
creator: Mohammed Najm
creator: Ali Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pharaonic Journal of Science
date: 2025-08-17
publication date: 2025-08-17
starting page: 126
ending page: 135
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2025.0203

Role of Veterinary Medicines in Animal Health: A Review
type: item
description: Veterinary medicines (such as antibiotics, antiparasitics, vaccines, hormones, and vitamins) play a pivotal and indispensable role in maintaining animal health and welfare. Their most important functions include: Prevention, such as vaccines that protect against serious infectious diseases and antiparasitics that prevent infection by worms and external parasites. Treatment, such as antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungal drugs to combat diseases, as well as analgesics and anti-inflammatories to relieve pain and suffering. Control, such as drugs that help manage chronic diseases or control the spread of diseases among herds. Enhancing growth and productivity, such as certain drugs that improve feed conversion efficiency.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Animal Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Veterinary Medicines
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibiotics
  topic: keywords
subject: Vaccines
  topic: keywords
subject: Antiparasitics
  topic: keywords
creator: Nabaa Abdullah
creator: Tamara Ahmed
creator: Neam Alhafidh
creator: Ali Saadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-17
publication date: 2025-08-17
starting page: 107
ending page: 125
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2025.0202

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy: A review
type: item
description: The most prevalent nutritional condition affecting pregnant women globally is iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Reduced hemoglobin production and poor oxygen delivery to maternal and foetal tissues result from iron stores that are not enough to meet the increased physiological demands of pregnancy. Preterm delivery, low birth weight, maternal exhaustion, and postpartum depression are all linked to IDA during pregnancy. Improving maternal and neonatal outcomes requires early diagnosis through routine screening and prompt intervention with iron supplementation. The causes, clinical signs, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy are examined in this review.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pregnancy
  topic: keywords
subject: Iron deficiency anemia
  topic: keywords
subject: Maternal health
  topic: keywords
subject: Fetal development
  topic: keywords
creator: Ghufran Merie
creator: Hadeel Al-hashimi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-17
publication date: 2025-08-17
starting page: 92
ending page: 106
doi: 10.71428/PJS.2025.0201